From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 21 ppsx
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 21 ppsx
... PM Page 607•• 21. 1 IntroductionWhy the number of species varies from place to place, and from time to time,are questions that present themselvesnot only to ecologists but to anybody who observes ... scale:macroecology Chapter 21 Patterns in Species RichnessEIPC21 10/24/05 2:19 PM Page 602614 CHAPTER 21 different types of habitat. However, MacArthur and Wilson(1967) believed this explanation to be too ... 2001.)EIPC21 10/24/05 2:19 PM Page 608622 CHAPTER 21 21.6.1 Latitudinal gradientsOne of the most widely recognized pat-terns in species richness is the increasethat occurs from the poles to the...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 15 ppsx
... post-emergence activity.The phenol derivatives, particularly the nitrophenols such as 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol, are contact chemicals with broad-spectrum toxicity extending beyond plants to ... We cannot con-tinue to use the same pesticides if increasing numbers of pestsbecome resistant to them. We cannot (if we wish to have fish to eat in future) continue to remove fish from the sea ... rate of the exploited stock) combine to determine the exploitable biomass of the stock andthe way this translates into a yield to the fishing community. In contrast to the surplus yield models,...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 17 ppsx
... water too deep for photosynthesis to be appreciable or even to take place at all, but it derives itsenergy base from dead phytoplankton, bacteria, animals andfeces that sink from the autotrophic ... the normal photosynthetic chan-nels, and it overflows into destructive photo-oxidation reactions.The more nutrient-rich a water body is, the shallower itseuphotic zone is likely to be (Figure ... experimentally to ocean areas, massive blooms of phytoplankton can result (Coale et al., 1996);such blooms are also likely to occur when large storms supplyland-derived iron to the oceans.While...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 1 pptx
... areashowing the gradual change from pasture to cliff conditions. (c) The mean length of stolons produced in the experimentalgarden from samples taken from thetransect. (From Aston & Bradshaw, 1966.)the ... evolutionary history.All species are absent from almost everywhere, and we considernext, in Chapter 2, the ways in which environmental conditionsvary from place to place and from time to time, and ... short growing season or a high risk of frost or drought, a once-and-for-all toler-ance may ultimately evolve. The physical factor cannot itself change or evolve as a result of the evolution...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 2 pps
... sampled from diverse localities in northern USA and Canada, and were tested for freezing tolerance and ability to acclimate to cold. Individuals from the most freeze-tolerant population (from ... environ-mental conditions because water tends to move into organisms from the environment and this needs to be resisted. In marinehabitats, the majority of organisms are isotonic to their environ-ment ... snailsSupralittoral fringeMidlittoral zoneInfralittoralzoneInfralittoralfringeLittoral zonealgae and higherplantszonationEIPC02 10/24/05 1:44 PM Page 4948 CHAPTER 2dominated by sulfur-oxidizing...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 3 potx
... dioxideThe CO2used in photosynthesis isobtained almost entirely from the atmo-sphere, where its concentration has risen from approximately 280 µll−1in 1750 to about 370 µll−1today and is still ... feedback from elevated CO2concentrations to plant growth, to microbial activity and back to plantgrowth. The arrows between descriptorsindicate causation; the black arrows alongsidedescriptors ... convertedduring photosynthesis into energy-rich chemical compounds ofcarbon, which will subsequently be broken down in respiration.But the photosynthetic apparatus is able to gain access to energyonly...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 4 ppt
... sometimes to pupae, and then to adults; plants pass from seeds to seedlings to photosynthesizing adults; and so on. The different stages arelikely to be influenced by different factors and to have ... population to describe a group of individuals of onespecies under investigation. What actually constitutes a popula-tion, though, will vary from species to species and from study to study. In ... 10/24/05 1:49 PM Page 121 LIFE, DEATH AND LIFE HISTORIES 131habitat in seeking to understand life histories. Phylogeny sets limits to an organism’s life history and to its habitat. But the...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 5 pps
... therefore trajectories that follow a cohort through time. This is indicated by arrows, pointing from many small, young individuals (bottom right) to fewer, larger, older individuals (top left).Mean ... small population sizes: A to B, B to C) and is small close to the carrying capacity (I to J, J to K), but is large atintermediate densities (E to F). The result is an ‘S’-shaped or sigmoidal pattern ... territoriality only in terms of anet benefit to the territory owner is rather like history always beingwritten by the victors. There is another, possibly trickier ques-tion, which seems not to...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 6 pot
... (Murton et al., 1966). Individuals may also gain from living in groups if this helps to locate food, give warning of predators or if it pays for individuals to join forces in fighting off a predator ... attracting individuals to disperse towards one another andforces provoking individuals to disperse away from one another.As we shall see in a later chapter, such compromises are con-ventionally crystallized ... followed prior to, duringand after a period of severe defoliation. The clones, which varied in extent from 60 to 350 m2and from 700 to 20,000 rhizomes, failed to produce any above-ground growth...
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From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 7 docx
... which grows from 1900 to 3000 m. But as colder weathersets in, they travel to lower elevations and from October to Maythey feed primarily on Bashania fargesii, which grows from 1000 to 210 0 m. ... in twelve 5-year age classes through dis-crete 5-year time steps. Values for age-specific survivorship and density-dependent reproductive rates were derived from a thorough data set from Tsavo ... populationinteractions (Chapter 15) and then of communities and ecosys-tems (Chapter 22).Individual organisms have a physi-ology that fits them to tolerate partic-ular ranges of physicochemical...
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