From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 20 doc
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 20 doc
... dominated
by either top-down or bottom-up control?’ (Note again, though,
that even when top-down control ‘dominates’, top-down and
bottom-up control are expected to alternate from trophic level
to trophic ... subject to
bottom-up control (abundance determined by their resources):
a standard predator–prey interaction. In turn, the plants are also
subject to bottom-up control, havin...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 7 docx
... which grows from 1900 to 3000 m. But as colder weather
sets in, they travel to lower elevations and from October to May
they feed primarily on Bashania fargesii, which grows from 1000
to 2100 m. ... in twelve 5-year age classes through dis-
crete 5-year time steps. Values for age-specific survivorship and
density-dependent reproductive rates were derived from a
thorough data...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 12 docx
... virus is blood-borne and is transmitted from host
to host by blood-feeding insect vectors. In Australia in the first
20 years after its introduction, the main vectors were mosquitoes
(especially ... rabies since the dis-
ease has yet to cross the English Channel from mainland Europe,
but there has been a strong desire to eliminate rabies from the
European mainland too (Pastoret &...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 1 pptx
... Chamaephytes
or
MediterraneanDesert
Phanerophyte
Chamaephyte
Hemicryptophyte
Cryptophyte
Therophyte
Phanerophyte
Chamaephyte
Hemicryptophyte
Cryptophyte
Therophyte
80
60
40
20
0
Percent of total flora
Temperate Arctic
80
60
40
20
0
Percent of total flora
Tropical
Phanerophyte
Chamaephyte
Hemicryptophyte
Cryptophyte
Therophyte
Phanerophyte
Chamaephyte
Hemicryptophyte
Cryptophyte
Therophyte...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 2 pps
... sampled from diverse
localities in northern USA and Canada, and were tested for
freezing tolerance and ability to acclimate to cold. Individuals
from the most freeze-tolerant population (from ... example, a sea height 15 20 cm below average equates to a temperature
anomaly of approximately 2–3°C. (Image from http:
//topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/science/images/el-nino-la-nina.jpg.)...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 3 potx
... (After Loladze, 200 2.)
EIPC03 10/24/05 1:47 PM Page 73
••••
(b) Diurnal cycles
0
5
Poona (India) 18°31′ N
0
5
201 24 201 24 201 24 201 24 201 24 201 24 201 24 201 24 201 24 201 24 201 24 201 24
Time (h)
Bergen ... dioxide
The CO
2
used in photosynthesis is
obtained almost entirely from the atmo-
sphere, where its concentration has risen from approximately
280 µll
−1
in 1750...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 4 ppt
... sometimes
to pupae, and then to adults; plants pass from seeds to seedlings
to photosynthesizing adults; and so on. The different stages are
likely to be influenced by different factors and to have ... population
to describe a group of individuals of one
species under investigation. What actually constitutes a popula-
tion, though, will vary from species to species and f...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 5 pps
... therefore trajectories that follow a cohort through
time. This is indicated by arrows, pointing from many small, young
individuals (bottom right) to fewer, larger, older individuals
(top left).
Mean ... small population sizes: A to B, B to C) and is small close to the carrying capacity (I to J, J to K), but is large at
intermediate densities (E to F). The result is an ‘S...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 6 pot
... (Murton et al., 1966).
Individuals may also gain from living in groups if this helps to
locate food, give warning of predators or if it pays for individuals
to join forces in fighting off a predator ... attracting individuals to disperse towards one another and
forces provoking individuals to disperse away from one another.
As we shall see in a later chapter, such compromi...
From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 8 pdf
... scale)
(a)
2 4 10 20 40 100 200
1
2
4
10
20
40
100
200
x
2
(log scale)
1
0
10
100
Mean seed yield
per plot (log scale)
1
x
2
(log scale)
(b)
2 4 10 20 40 100 200
1
2
4
10
20
40
100
200
x
1
(log ... result
from height differences, with one species able to completely
over-top another and preempt access to light (Freckleton &
Watkinson, 200 1). In a similar vein, De...
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