From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 3 potx

... resource. •••• Toxicity 3 –2.7 1 1 .3 3 .3 5 .3 2 (a) –0.7 Toxicity 3 3 1 5 7 9 2 Specialism (b) 3 1 –1 Figure 3. 25 Combining data from a wide range of published studies, herbivores were split into three ... date (a) 420 400 38 0 36 0 34 0 32 0 30 0 Jun 14 Aug 3 Time of day 0400 255 455 405 35 5 30 5 20001200 Jul 4 CO 2 concentrations (µl l –1 ) 0400 255 (b) 455 405 3...

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... of total diet 15 Jul 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 Small Medium Large 31 15 31 15 30 Aug Sep (b) 100 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 80 60 40 20 15 Jul 31 15 31 15 30 Aug Sep 100 80 60 40 20 15 Jul 31 15 31 ... whole. •• 30 min 30 min 30 min 30 min 0 1.0 0.5 Proportion of larvae (a) 12 Fed (n = 38 ) Widespread movement 0 1.0 0.5 12 Unfed (n = 42) 0 1.0 0.5 12 Net-building 0 1.0 0.5 12 Time (...

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... (After Bshary, 20 03. ) EIPC 13 10/24/05 2:06 PM Page 38 2 •• 39 8 CHAPTER 13 13. 8.1 Ectomycorrhizas An estimated 5000–6000 species of Basidiomycete and Ascomycete fungi form ectomycorrhizas (ECMs) ... yucca moths EIPC 13 10/24/05 2:06 PM Page 39 0 39 6 CHAPTER 13 to be human disturbances with which bleaching effects can inter- act – but it is also apparent that reef corals are...

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... 1 N 62 95 68 70 54 53 43 55 85 86 76 99 81 91 77 84 89 75 59 60 61 67 74 69 83 82 97 90 94 81 50 52 49 51 48 37 35 36 38 39 47 44 46 66 58 81 80 98 punalua group (58–65) glabriapex group (34 –57) grimshawi group (66–101) planitidia group (17 33 ) 40 41 42 2221 2524 26 27 23 18 19 17 20 34 32 16 13 15 14 6 4 5 1 adiastola group (3 16) 2 3 Niihau Kauai Oahu Lanai Molokai Ma...

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... exposure to the air and the nature of the substrate. •••• Standard metabolic expenditure (J day –1 ) 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 Salinity (ppt) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 35 3025201510 Overall ... al., 2002.) rare tolerators acid rain EIPC02 10/24/05 1:44 PM Page 51 32 CHAPTER 2 2 .3 Responses of individuals to temperature 2 .3. 1 What do we mean by ‘extreme’?...

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... to survival from one age class to the next. Here, by contrast, an individual •••• life cycle graphs (b) 1 p 1 2 p 2 3 p 3 4 p 4 g 1 g 2 m 3 g 3 m 4 p 1 00 m 4 g 1 p 2 m 3 0 0 g 2 p 3 0 00 g 3 p 4 (a) 1 p 1 2 p 2 3 p 3 4 p 4 g 1 m 2 g 2 g 3 p 1 m 2 m 3 m 4 g 1 p 2 00 0 g 2 p 3 0 00 g 3 p 4 m 3 m 4 Table ... sometimes to pupae, and then to adults; plants pa...

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... m 2 10 –2 10 –1 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 –2 10 –1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 31 30 29 27 28 25 26 20 24 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 Time 7 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 Figure 5 .32 Self-thinning in a wide ... therefore trajectories that follow a cohort through time. This is indicated by arrows, pointing from many small, young individuals (bottom right) to fewer, larger, o...

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... followed prior to, during and after a period of severe defoliation. The clones, which varied in extent from 60 to 35 0 m 2 and from 700 to 20,000 rhizomes, failed to produce any above-ground growth ... attracting individuals to disperse towards one another and forces provoking individuals to disperse away from one another. As we shall see in a later chapter, such comp...

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... reserves Frequency 31 35 15–187–10 0 2–6 10 20 30 11–14 Slope (°) (a) 5 15 25 27 30 23 2619–22 Frequency 33 36– 34 83 2744– 2891 2448– 2595 0 2299– 2447 20 40 60 2596– 27 43 Elevation (m) (b) 10 30 50 31 88– 33 35 30 40– 31 87 2892– 30 39 Frequency 2401– 2600 1201– 1400 401– 600 0 0–200 40 80 100 801– 1000 Nearness ... which grows from 1900 to 30 00 m. But as colder weather...

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... Mindanao C. caucasus C. atlas (a) Mean length (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.0 0.0 1.5 4.1 4 .3 10.7 26 .3 40 .3 84.1 93. 1 97.5 0.0 0.2 2.1 4 .3 9 .3 24.2 27.5 45.0 92.2 93. 3 H. ulvae H. ventrosa Percentage H. ventrosa Body ... index 10 0.0 0.4 1.0 0.2 30 50 10 30 50 10 30 50 1995 1996 1997 Radius (mm) 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 (a) Aggregation index 10 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 1.5 2.5 30 50 10 30 50 10 3...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20