From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 2 pps

... exposure to the air and the nature of the substrate. •••• Standard metabolic expenditure (J day –1 ) 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 Salinity (ppt) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 353 025 201510 Overall ... et al., 20 02. ) rare tolerators acid rain EIPC 02 10 /24 /05 1:44 PM Page 51 32 CHAPTER 2 2.3 Responses of individuals to temperature 2. 3.1 What do we m...

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... m 2 10 2 10 –1 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 2 10 –1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 31 30 29 27 28 25 26 20 24 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 Time 7 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 Figure 5. 32 Self-thinning in a ... its •••• 500 400 300 20 0 100 0 20 00 4000 6000 8000 R (fish 60m 2 ) Eggs per 60m 2 (a) 25 024 6 Crop growth rate (g m 2 day –1 ) Leaf area index 8 (b) 0...

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... Sep 13 20 27 5 Oct 23 Aug 30 6 Sep 13 20 27 5 Oct Predator population Predators (per 300 terminals) 500 400 300 20 0 100 0 500 400 300 20 0 100 0 6 Sep 23 Aug 21 28 6 Oct 6 Sep 23 Aug 21 28 6 Oct Damaged ... sweeps) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Larvae (per 1600 sweeps) Jul 18 Jul 25 Aug 2 Aug 9 Aug 16 Aug 23 Aug 30 Jul 6 Jul 15 Jul 22 Jul 29 Aug 5 Aug 12 (b...

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... (6) 29 .2 23.5 20 (Toru) 2 8 (7) 31.1 31.1 0 Tropical Pinus caribaea Afaka, Nigeria 5–15 (4) 19 .2 18.5 −4 Pinus kesiya Meghalaya, India 1 22 (9) 30.1 20 .1 −33 Tropical rainforest Amazonia 1 20 0 ... productivity EIPC17 10 /24 /05 2: 12 PM Page 516 522 CHAPTER 17 in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Figure 17 .26 b re-emphasizes how consumption efficiency by grazers...

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... inputs and outputs are small compared to internal cycling Old forest NPP 4 72 270 444 R h 10, 521 1 923 123 3 1 325 5330 16 NPP R h 357 Young forest 708 25 35 563 4310 322 519 60 389 Figure 18.5 Annual carbon ... Stephens 6 4 2 8 8 1 52. 61 52. 2 1 52. 4 2 3 Depth (m) 153.6153 .2 20 0 153 –150 –100 0 153.4 –50 153 .21 52. 8 153 Longitude (°E) 1 3 8 Depth (m) 20 0 –150 –100 0 N...

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... (mg O 2 h –1 ) 16 0. 12 0 .24 (b) 0.16 0 .20 10 18 421 12 820 1 426 1711 19513915371 Decomposition (g day –1 ) 16 0.03 0.06 (c) 0.04 10 18 421 12 Composition 0.05 820 1 426 1711 19513915371 Figure 21 .29 The ... 0.003 Macrophytes 431 0 0 1 2 2 R 2 = 0.51, P < 0.001 Copepods 431 0 0 1 2 2 log 10 (PPR) R 2 = 0.49, P < 0.001 Cladocerans 431 0 0 1 2 2 R 2 = 0.54, P <...

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... Lathrop et al., 20 02. ) EIPC 22 10 /24 /05 2: 21 PM Page 643 636 CHAPTER 22 •••• (b) Proportion of individuals 0 G1 G2 G3 SF PF 20 40 60 80 100 b a d a a c b c a a c b ab b c Dbh 2 5 cm Dbh 5–10 cm Dbh ... trout present. (After Flecker & Townsend, 1994.) where do invaders fit into food webs? EIPC 22 10 /24 /05 2: 21 PM Page 641 634 CHAPTER 22 Chapter 21 ) can be used...

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... group (17–33) 40 41 42 222 1 25 24 26 27 23 18 19 17 20 34 32 1613 15 14 6 4 5 1 adiastola group (3–16) 2 3 Niihau Kauai Oahu Lanai Molokai Maui Kahoolawe Hawaii 63 64 65 71 72 73 78 79 87 88 92 93 96 100 101 57 56 45 33 31 30 29 28 10 8 97 12 11 0 ... heterogeneous •••• Raunkiaer’s classification EIPC01 10 /24 /05 1: 42 PM Page 25 •• 12 CHAPTER 1 •• 14 g 20 g 34...

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... (After Loladze, 20 02. ) EIPC03 10 /24 /05 1:47 PM Page 73 •••• (b) Diurnal cycles 0 5 Poona (India) 18°31′ N 0 5 20 124 20 124 20 124 20 124 20 124 20 124 20 124 20 124 20 124 20 124 20 124 20 124 Time (h) Bergen ... is lost forever photosynthetically active radiation 2. 1 2. 1 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1 .26 0.84 2. 1 2. 1 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 2. 1 1.68 1 .26 0.84 0.84 1 .26...

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... 6.5* 0.0000065 12, 700 0.0 82 0.4 92 7 2 0.0000 020 12, 700 0. 025 0.175 8 2 0.0000 020 12, 700 0. 025 0 .20 0 1 .28 2 3. 928 R 0 = 1 .28 2; T c ==3.1; r ≈=0.08014. ln R 0 T c 3. 928 1 .28 2 Figure 4.14 Life cycle ... 0 1 62 0.0000 620 4,600 0 .28 5 0 .28 5 2 34 0.0000340 8,700 0 .29 6 0.5 92 3 20 0.000 020 0 11,600 0 .23 2 0.696 4 15.5* 0.0000155 12, 700 0.197 0.788 5 11 0.00011...

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