From Individuals to Ecosystems 4th Edition - Chapter 1 pptx

... 1 N 62 95 68 70 54 53 43 55 85 86 76 99 81 91 77 84 89 75 59 60 61 67 74 69 83 82 97 90 94 81 50 52 49 51 48 37 35 36 38 39 47 44 46 66 58 81 80 98 punalua group (58–65) glabriapex group (34–57) grimshawi group (66 10 1) planitidia group (17 –33) 40 41 42 22 21 2524 26 27 23 18 19 17 20 34 32 16 13 15 14 6 4 5 1 adiastola group (3 16 ) 2 3 Niihau Kauai Oahu Lanai Mo...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... •••• 42 CHAPTER 2 –2 19 50 19 55 19 60 19 65 19 70 19 75 19 80 19 85 19 90 19 95 Year 2000 Niño 3.4 region (threshold − 0°C) 2 1 0 1 Sea surface temperature anomalies 3 (a) Figure 2 .11 (a) The El ... (°C) 200 019 0 018 80 –0.4 18 60 0.0 0.6 1. 0 19 20 Year 0.8 0.4 0.2 –0.2 19 8 019 6 019 40 Figure 2.25 Global annual surface temperature variations from 18 60 to 19 98...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... lost forever photosynthetically active radiation 2 .1 2 .1 1.68 1. 68 1. 68 1. 68 1. 26 0.84 2 .1 2 .1 1.68 1. 68 1. 68 1. 68 2 .1 1.68 1. 26 0.84 0.84 1. 26 2 .1 1.68 1. 26 1. 68 2 .1 2 .1 2 .1 1.68 0.84 Figure 3 .1 Global ... limit on photosynthetic rates July August CO 2 concentration (µmol l 1 ) 11 0 0 18 0 Depth (m) 12 345678 910 17 0 16 0 15 0 14 0 13 0...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... (days) 10 0,000 10 ,000 10 00 10 0 10 (c) 1 mg 1 g 1 kg 1 tonne 10 mg 10 0 mg 10 g 10 0 g 10 kg 10 0 kg 0 .1 mg Body weight Brood time (days) Body weight (g) 10 0 10 1 (b) Birds 10 11 0 2 10 5 10 4 10 3 Height ... position, these other life history components will be constrained too. •••• Maturation time (days) 0. 01 1 fg 10 0,000 Weight 10 ,000 10 00 10...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... per m 2 10 –2 10 1 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 –2 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 31 30 29 27 28 25 26 20 24 23 22 21 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 Time 7 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 Figure 5.32 Self-thinning ... cycles or even •••• 0 14 0 Early summer numbers ( ) (a) 12 0 80 19 82 40 19 8 419 68 19 8 019 7 819 7 619 72 19 7 419 70 10 0 60 20 5.0 Log...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... (m) 10 Number of individuals 0 1 50 51 10 0 10 1 15 0 15 1–200 >200 (b) 0 20 10 Number of individuals (a) Low density 0 20 10 0 1 50 51 10 0 10 1 15 0 15 1–200 >200 0 20 10 High density Figure 6 .10 ... (years) 0.0 19 77 19 89 19 911 972 1. 0 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.0 19 77 19 89 19 911 972 1. 0 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.0 19 77 19 89 19 911 972 1. 0 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.2 0....

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... restoration experiments. The sign shows whether the relationship was positive or negative. (After Pywell et al., 2003.) 19 24 18 58 18 61 18 41 1856 18 55 18 58 18 83 19 14 18 07 18 21 1809 19 24 18 70 18 98 Figure ... rate (per year) 10 6 10 2 1 0.00 10 –2 0.20 0 .10 0.25 Area (km 2 ) (c) 0.05 0 .15 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 0.000 1 0.008 0.004 0. 010 Area (km 2 )...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... These •••• (b) Association index 10 0.0 0.4 1. 0 0.2 30 50 10 30 50 10 30 50 19 95 19 96 19 97 Radius (mm) 0.6 0.8 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 (a) Aggregation index 10 0.0 1. 0 2.0 0.5 1. 5 2.5 30 50 10 30 50 10 30 50 19 95 19 96 19 97 Aira Radius ... 2. Crucially, there d d N t rN KN N K 2 22 2 2 21 1 2 ( ) .= −−α d d N t rN KN N K 1 11 1 1 12 2 1 ( ) = −−α d d N t rN KN N...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... of total diet 15 Jul 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 Small Medium Large 31 15 31 15 30 Aug Sep (b) 10 0 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 80 60 40 20 15 Jul 31 15 31 15 30 Aug Sep 10 0 80 60 40 20 15 Jul 31 15 31 15 ... intensity (inflorescences tussock 1 ) 19 9 519 85 0 19 75 10 20 30 19 80 5 15 25 19 90 C. rubra C. seretofolia C. rigida Flowering intensity (inflorescences tussock...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20

... versa the arctic fox: a facultative carrion- feeder Lemming density (no. ha 1 ) 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Year 19 97 19 9 619 9 519 94 (a) δ 13 C 18 19 17 –20 – 21 –22 –23 –24 –25 (b) Summer 93 Winter 94 Summer ... Belgium. (After Ponge, 2000.) 0 Index of abundance in guts 14 00 0 1 1200 10 00 800 600 400 200 1 2 2–3 3–4 4–5 5–6 6–7 7–8 8–9 10 11 12 13 14 15 9 10 Empty...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 13:20