Density and hardness of negative pastes of lead–acid batteries containing organic additives with or without quinone structure pdf

... 1992, p. 222. Journal of Power Sources 158 (2006) 1106–1109 Density and hardness of negative pastes of lead–acid batteries containing organic additives with or without quinone structure N. Hirai a,∗ , ... all contain a quinone structure. 4. Conclusions The density and hardness of the negative pastes of lead–acid batteries, that contain...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... time of discharge at CCA test as a function of number of cycles. Fig. 11. Schematic representation of the structure of PAM. Fig. 12. A scheme of the different forms of lead ions (4BS particles and soluble ... paste before and after drying. Curing of the plates was performed in two stages: (a) curing at 908C and 98% relative humidity (RH) for 6 h, and (b) drying at 60...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... with this material have been conducted in automotive and industrial battery plants. In every case, the time required for formation of 4BS has been short- ened appreciably and the uniformity of ... concentration of the usu- ally accepted 2 wt.% is about 18 h and 28 h with and without SureCure ® , respectively. For negative plates, the reduction in free lead to 4 wt.% is a...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... and high formation procedures. An electrode with a higher porosity allows more electrolyte to Fig. 14. Porosity of formed active material for tubular plates formed at the high and low rate for ... the Fig. 6. Porosity of active material for flat plates formed at the high and low rate for various concentrations of red lead. Fig. 7. Capacity cycle (Ah) of flat plate electrodes mad...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

... volume of porous, glass microspheres are added to the positive and negative active material, the porosity of the positive active material in- creases from 45% to 65% and the porosity of the negative active ... understanding the behavior of lead–acid batteries and can be used to develop new cell designs. Once the plate and cell parameters are established, the model can...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... cycling life and performances of a very low cost lead–acid battery is the combination of the compression concept and the use of micro-porous additives added in the active mass. The influence of different ... cell performances has been observed with two kind of additives tested: Zeolite and Carbon Graphite. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Lead–acid...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... deformation of the structural separator, but it is absorbed by the more ¯exible structure of ®ber separators. Chemical compatibility is an important criterion for the interaction of additive and ... pores. Negative plate additives are added in amounts of less than 1% of active materials and are usually composed of three groups of materials collectively known as expande...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... potential-step experiments to study the formation of PbSO in H SO at y188C, with and without 424 expanders, and proposed a mechanism of expander action for the charge-transfer process. Finally, ... to differentiate the impact of expanders on the performance of negative plates in lead–acid batteries. The resulting discharge and recharge transients show the effect of the e...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... addition of higher levels of car- bon or graphite.Tests carried out byNorthStarBattery [5] with VRLA batteries with improved current collectors (but not to the same degree as used in this work) and ... basis of selection was both for performance and ease of manufacture. Fig. 2. Prototype cell. The terminals are on the top and bottom of the cell which has a closure on b...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21