Effect of mixed additives on lead–acid battery electrolyte pdf

... pub- lication of more than 150 papers in the scientific journals and a good number of patents. The use of additives in the electrolyte is one of the approaches which offers improvement of the battery ... Journal of Power Sources 113 (2003) 382–387 383 Effect of mixed additives on lead–acid battery electrolyte Arup Bhattacharya, Indra Narayan Basumallick * Elec...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... to show the effect on the critical volume fraction of adding conduc- tive and non-conductive additives. The second model, called the diffusion model, uses finite difference equations and Fick’s ... volume fraction of paste wx containing non-conducting or conducting additives 10 . In order to model the conductivity of the active mate- rial, the material is assumed to be made of...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... NAM surface area on cycling depend strongly on the type and amount of grid alloying additives used. The amount of expander changes on cycling as a result of degradation under the action of hydrogen, ... end -of- discharge voltage at the 10th week-cycle as a function of the number of weeks. Fig. 5 shows the dependencies of the number of week-cycles (giving the cycle lif...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... SO 4 2À ions. (b) Diffusion of Pb 2 ions to the active centers where the electrochemical reaction of Pb 2 reduction to Pb proceeds. (c) Surface diffusion of Pb atoms to the sites of Pb nucleation ... growth. (d) Diffusion and migration of SO 4 2À ions out of the pores of NAM. This step is very slow as the SO 4 2À ions have but a very low mobility. Electroneutralization of th...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

... that addition of PASP improves the cycling ability of the negative plates and thus decreases the frequency of equalization charging during operation. A beneficial effect on the performance of lead-acid ... partial-state -of- charge duty 1. Introduction Recently, the attention of the lead-acid battery industry has been focused on the application of VRLA batteries in the new-...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

... functioning of intramitochondrial ferrochelatase [2]. The functional changes on kidney are related to lead effect on mitochondrial respiration and phosphorylation in proximal tubules of nephron ... interests. Authors' contributions KA conception and design of the work, generation and analysis of data, GA generation and data analysis and commented the MS, EE conception and d...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 00:20

... the effect of adding carbon to the PAM on the capacity and life of a lead–acid cell depends on the form of the carbon used. Carbon black has little effect [27], but graphite [23] and carbon fibres [29] ... lead–acid; Batteries; Carbon; Capacity; Power; Cycle-life Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Allotropes of carbon and their properties 3 3. Conventional use of carbon in lea...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... L.M. BlancorJournal of Power Sources 78 1999 30–3434 Fig. 6. Percent variation of NAM utilization between first and third series of cycles. stability of the lignin component of the separator at ... and thus realistic conclusions can only be drawn by conducting experiments on plates themselves. To date, there has been no methodology to allow prese- lection of possible additives...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21

... observation supports the postulate above that O 2 evo- lution consumes a larger fraction of the charge when depo- sition occurs from an electrolyte with high ligninsulfonate concentrations. Further ... dissolution and deposition of lead are very close to one. Pulsed current experiments confirmed that the overpotentials for the deposition and dissolution of lead are increased by the pre...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 20:21