A New Ecology - Systems Perspective - Chapter 9 potx

... Eutrophicated Eutrophicated eutrophicated eutrophicated area before the area after the area area algae crash algae crash EnteromorphaϩUlva 2. 099 28.211 264.642 1.273 Other macroalgae 16.141 2.138 6.152 ... non-eutrophicated and intermediate eutrophicated areas, the average annual biomass (gm Ϫ2 ) of each is given. For the eutrophicated area, the average biomass (gm Ϫ2 ) of each group before...

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... organism, soil type, drainage basin or depth in a water body. At a larger scale, regional and even globally distributed ecosystems can be evaluated based on a commonality of basic structural ... but they can be improved considerably when new methods, additional information, and additional observations are available. It may take 20 or maybe 50 years before we have the quality of an eco...

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... ecosystems. It is not always necessary in science to be able make exact measurements. Ecologists rarely do this anyway. Approximations can yield an approxi- mate science, and that is what ecology is. Modeling ... hierarchies). Accordingly, the spatial and temporal constants of system behavior are important criteria of differ- entiation. Scale is defined as a holon’s spatial and temporal p...

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... fact that our standard deviations on any measurement that we make are far beyond the levels accepted by our “colleagues” from physics and chemistry. 56 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective 8 Meaning ... that Einstein agreed with Born on the fact that the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics, which originated in Göttingen and was subsequently elaborated at Cambridge and Copenhage...

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... Feedback, after all, has played a central role in much of what is known as the theory of “self-organization” (e.g. Eigen, 197 1; Maturana and Varela, 198 0; DeAngelis et al., 198 6; Haken, 198 8; Kauffman, ... calculation requires a large amount of data. Currently, the networks accompanying a seres of ecologi- cal stages have not yet been assembled. About the closest situation for which...

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... primary causes rather than stopping at proximate, derivative ones. Many systems analysis approaches are based on state-space theory Zadeh et al. ( 196 3), which provides a mathematical foundational ... ( 198 1), Higashi and Patten ( 198 6, 198 9), Ulanowicz ( 198 0, 198 3, 198 6), Ulanowicz and Kemp ( 197 9), Szyrmer and Ulanowicz ( 198 7), and Herendeen ( 198 1, 198 9). Both environ anal...

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... structurally dynamic models. A number of such models, mainly of aquatic systems (Jørgensen, 198 6, 198 8, 199 0; Nielsen, 199 2a, b; Jørgensen and Padisak, 199 6; Coffaro et al., 199 7; Jørgensen and de ... normal mortality rate (Grant, 198 6) plus an additional mortality rate due to food shortage and an additional mortality rate caused by a dis- agreement between bill depth and the si...

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... are arranged hierarchically, based on quantifica- tions and literature reviews from Vitousek ( 199 4) and Di Castri and Hadley ( 198 8). Here we can also find direct interrelations between spatial ... contains amino base coding redundant amino base coding combinations in the sense that for some amino acids two or more combinations of amino bases are valid. As an alphabet is a constraint for...

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... 1883 by a catastrophic volcanic explo- sion that devastated the island of Krakatau, located between the islands of Sumatra and Java. The flora and fauna of its remnant and of two adjacent islands ... is the area of the cli- matic zones. Tropical landmasses have a larger climatically similar total surface area than landmasses at higher latitudes with similarly small temperature fluctuation...

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... OBSERVATIONS? Take a walk on a pleasant May day in a temperate deciduous forest, visit the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania when the wildebeests are emigrating North, paddle a canoe through a ... well- balanced cocktail of thermodynamics and ecology. Macroecology by J.H. Brown ( 199 5) presents from this period a quantitative ecological attempt to explain particularly bio- geo...

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