A New Ecology - Systems Perspective - Chapter 8 docx

... behavior as a mechanism of adaptation in a feedback loop creates an interactive system between an animal’s phenotype and its environment. 184 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective AB C 0 50 -8 0 -6 0 ... is the area of the cli- matic zones. Tropical landmasses have a larger climatically similar total surface area than landmasses at higher latitudes with similarly small temp...

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... spatial scale, and time scale are inverse to hierarchical scale. 2 Energy and matter exchange at each level depend on openness, measured as available exchange area relative to volume. Electromagnetic ... to be able make exact measurements. Ecologists rarely do this anyway. Approximations can yield an approxi- mate science, and that is what ecology is. Modeling in particular approximates rea...

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... organism, soil type, drainage basin or depth in a water body. At a larger scale, regional and even globally distributed ecosystems can be evaluated based on a commonality of basic structural ... but they can be improved considerably when new methods, additional information, and additional observations are available. It may take 20 or maybe 50 years before we have the quality of an eco...

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... the case of a short piece for piano, a normal house piano has a span of approximately 7 (or 7¼) octaves of 12 notes each giving 84 (or 88 ) keys in all. If an average chord on the piano has 5 ... fact that our standard deviations on any measurement that we make are far beyond the levels accepted by our “colleagues” from physics and chemistry. 56 A New Ecology: Systems Perspect...

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... Feedback, after all, has played a central role in much of what is known as the theory of “self-organization” (e.g. Eigen, 1971; Maturana and Varela, 1 980 ; DeAngelis et al., 1 986 ; Haken, 1 988 ; Kauffman, ... engender many-fold system circulations among the full community a process called network aggradation (Fath and Patten, 2001). All three behaviors can be traced to autocatalysis and...

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... (1 981 ), Higashi and Patten (1 986 , 1 989 ), Ulanowicz (1 980 , 1 983 , 1 986 ), Ulanowicz and Kemp (1979), Szyrmer and Ulanowicz (1 987 ), and Herendeen (1 981 , 1 989 ). Both environ analysis and ascendancy theory ... recently WAND by Allesina and Bondavalli (2004) and NEA by Fath and Borrett (2006) are available to perform the necessary computation on network data and will ease the disse...

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... greater than 1. Transformities are always measured relative to a planetary solar emergy baseline and care should be taken to ensure that the transformities used in any particular analysis are all ... that local instabilities can be leading to regional steady-state situations. What we can see is that there are many empirical traps we can fall into. Maybe the connection of empirical research...

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... contains amino base coding redundant amino base coding combinations in the sense that for some amino acids two or more combinations of amino bases are valid. As an alphabet is a constraint for an ... are arranged hierarchically, based on quantifica- tions and literature reviews from Vitousek (1994) and Di Castri and Hadley (1 988 ). Here we can also find direct interrelations between spatia...

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... Eutrophicated eutrophicated eutrophicated area before the area after the area area algae crash algae crash EnteromorphaϩUlva 2.099 28. 211 264.642 1.273 Other macroalgae 16.141 2.1 38 6.152 0.165 Z. ... non-eutrophicated and intermediate eutrophicated areas, the average annual biomass (gm Ϫ2 ) of each is given. For the eutrophicated area, the average biomass (gm Ϫ2 ) of each group before an...

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... EXPLAIN OUR OBSERVATIONS? Take a walk on a pleasant May day in a temperate deciduous forest, visit the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania when the wildebeests are emigrating North, paddle a canoe through ... principle is used again and again in ecology since it allows one to write balance equations at the core of ecosystem modeling, such as with a basic box-and-arrow diagram in...

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