A New Ecology - Systems Perspective - Chapter 6 doc

... that local instabilities can be leading to regional steady-state situations. What we can see is that there are many empirical traps we can fall into. Maybe the connection of empirical research ... plus an additional mortality rate due to food shortage and an additional mortality rate caused by a dis- agreement between bill depth and the size and hardness of seeds. The beak depth can vary .....

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... spatial scale, and time scale are inverse to hierarchical scale. 2 Energy and matter exchange at each level depend on openness, measured as available exchange area relative to volume. Electromagnetic ... to be able make exact measurements. Ecologists rarely do this anyway. Approximations can yield an approxi- mate science, and that is what ecology is. Modeling in particular approximates rea...

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... political, stem from the lack of a systems perspective that goes to remote, primary causes rather than stopping at proximate, derivative ones. Many systems analysis approaches are based on state-space ... recently WAND by Allesina and Bondavalli (2004) and NEA by Fath and Borrett (20 06) are available to perform the necessary computation on network data and will ease the dissemination...

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... factor proposed as a cause of latitudinal diversity gradients is the area of the cli- matic zones. Tropical landmasses have a larger climatically similar total surface area than landmasses at ... explo- sion that devastated the island of Krakatau, located between the islands of Sumatra and Java. The flora and fauna of its remnant and of two adjacent islands were completely exter- minated,...

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... organism, soil type, drainage basin or depth in a water body. At a larger scale, regional and even globally distributed ecosystems can be evaluated based on a commonality of basic structural ... but they can be improved considerably when new methods, additional information, and additional observations are available. It may take 20 or maybe 50 years before we have the quality of an eco...

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... fact that our standard deviations on any measurement that we make are far beyond the levels accepted by our “colleagues” from physics and chemistry. 56 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective 8 Meaning ... that Einstein agreed with Born on the fact that the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics, which originated in Göttingen and was subsequently elaborated at Cambridge and Copenha...

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... Feedback, after all, has played a central role in much of what is known as the theory of “self-organization” (e.g. Eigen, 1971; Maturana and Varela, 1980; DeAngelis et al., 19 86; Haken, 1988; Kauffman, ... calculation requires a large amount of data. Currently, the networks accompanying a seres of ecologi- cal stages have not yet been assembled. About the closest situation for which da...

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... a 30-year series of daily data about meteorological and hydrological forcing func- tions. The model outputs were validated by measured data in some of the systems 164 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective Exergy ... constraints are interacting and constantly changing; therefore, the maximum degree of mutual adaptation is a dynamic variable as well. This is a focal reason why the...

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... Eutrophicated eutrophicated eutrophicated area before the area after the area area algae crash algae crash EnteromorphaϩUlva 2.099 28.211 264 .64 2 1.273 Other macroalgae 16. 141 2.138 6. 152 0. 165 Z. ... is a 295,000 ha wetlands of the Big Cypress Natural Preserve and the adjacent Fakahatchee Strand State Preserve. Both areas cover a flat, gently sloping limestone plain (Bondavalli a...

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... theory (Chapter 5), to feedback mechanisms (Chapters 4 and 7), to cybernetics (Chapters 4 and 7), and thermo-dynamics (Chapters 2 and 6) . Furthermore, Jørgensen, Patten, and Straškraba have published ... OBSERVATIONS? Take a walk on a pleasant May day in a temperate deciduous forest, visit the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania when the wildebeests are emigrating North, paddle a c...

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