A New Ecology - Systems Perspective - Chapter 4 pot

... for AMC that the scalar constant, k, has been retained. We recall that although autocatalysis is a unitary process, one can discern two sepa- rate effects: (a) an extensive effect whereby the activity, ... described as that of material cause, sensu Aristotle—it is materially necessary, but passive with respect to more effi- cient (again, sensu Aristotle) agencies that actively read and carr...

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... organism, soil type, drainage basin or depth in a water body. At a larger scale, regional and even globally distributed ecosystems can be evaluated based on a commonality of basic structural ... (actual or potential) of their activities on adjacent and other ecosystems. (4) Recognizing potential gains from management, there is usually a need to understand and manage the ecosystem in...

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... life. Else_SP-Jorgensen_ch003.qxd 4/ 12/2007 15:31 Page 44 temporal parameter. Energy obeys spatial and material constraints; entropy obeys spatial, material, and temporal constraints. If history and the ... that Einstein agreed with Born on the fact that the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics, which originated in Göttingen and was subsequently elaborated at Cambridge and Copenhag...

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... Eutrophicated Eutrophicated eutrophicated eutrophicated area before the area after the area area algae crash algae crash EnteromorphaϩUlva 2.099 28.211 2 64. 642 1.273 Other macroalgae 16. 141 2.138 6.152 ... (local or purchased) and of their renewability (see also Chapter 6). An environmental loading ratio (ratio of local and exogenous nonrenewable emergy to renewable emergy) and an inves...

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... to be able make exact measurements. Ecologists rarely do this anyway. Approximations can yield an approxi- mate science, and that is what ecology is. Modeling in particular approximates reality, ... -1 4 -1 2 -1 0 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 4 6 Log W (g) Log r day-1 Unicellular Heterotherms Homeotherms 8 Figure 2.3 Intrinsic rate of natural increase against weight for various ani...

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... recently WAND by Allesina and Bondavalli (20 04) and NEA by Fath and Borrett (2006) are available to perform the necessary computation on network data and will ease the dissemination of these tech- niques. ... which have ready alternatives in ENA. Specifically regarding top-down versus bottom-up, Patten and Auble (1981), Fath (20 04) , and Schramski et al. (2006) all use network analysis to d...

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... greater than 1. Transformities are always measured relative to a planetary solar emergy baseline and care should be taken to ensure that the transformities used in any particular analysis are all ... that local instabilities can be leading to regional steady-state situations. What we can see is that there are many empirical traps we can fall into. Maybe the connection of empirical research...

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... idea of a “balance of nature” or a “natural equilibrium” (Barkmann et al., 2001). Chapter 7: Ecosystems have complex dynamics 153 Else_SP-Jorgensen_ch007.qxd 4/ 5/2007 11:52 Page 153 144 A New Ecology: ... animals Water flea 0.2 years Mouse 3 4 years Nightingale 4 years Dog 12–20years Horse 20 40 years Giant tortoise 177 years Life span of some plants Sun flower 1 year Corylus...

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... as a mechanism of adaptation in a feedback loop creates an interactive system between an animal’s phenotype and its environment. 1 84 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective AB C 0 50 -8 0 -6 0 -4 0 -2 0 ... is the area of the cli- matic zones. Tropical landmasses have a larger climatically similar total surface area than landmasses at higher latitudes with similarly sma...

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... theory (Chapter 5), to feedback mechanisms (Chapters 4 and 7), to cybernetics (Chapters 4 and 7), and thermo-dynamics (Chapters 2 and 6). Furthermore, Jørgensen, Patten, and Straškraba have published ... OBSERVATIONS? Take a walk on a pleasant May day in a temperate deciduous forest, visit the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania when the wildebeests are emigrating North, paddle a...

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