A New Ecology - Systems Perspective - Chapter 2 docx

... Perspective 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -1 6 -1 4 -1 2 -1 0 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 4 6 Log W (g) Log r day-1 Unicellular Heterotherms Homeotherms 8 Figure 2. 3 Intrinsic rate of natural increase against weight for various ... to be able make exact measurements. Ecologists rarely do this anyway. Approximations can yield an approxi- mate science, and that is what ecology is...

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... is the area of the cli- matic zones. Tropical landmasses have a larger climatically similar total surface area than landmasses at higher latitudes with similarly small temperature fluctuations (Rosenzweig, ... as a mechanism of adaptation in a feedback loop creates an interactive system between an animal’s phenotype and its environment. 184 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective AB...

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... but they can be improved considerably when new methods, additional information, and additional observations are available. It may take 20 or maybe 50 years before we have the quality of an ecosystem ... organism, soil type, drainage basin or depth in a water body. At a larger scale, regional and even globally distributed ecosystems can be evaluated based on a commonality of basic str...

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... life. Else_SP-Jorgensen_ch003.qxd 4/ 12/ 2007 15:31 Page 44 temporal parameter. Energy obeys spatial and material constraints; entropy obeys spatial, material, and temporal constraints. If history and the ... Ն     p x h x Ն Else_SP-Jorgensen_ch003.qxd 4/ 12/ 2007 15:31 Page 42 36 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective natural world to form novel patterns. Furthermore, ontic opennes...

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... dynamics (Chapter 7), espe- cially as an agency of regulation and control. Else_SP-Jorgensen_ch004.qxd 4/ 12/ 2007 17 :23 Page 64 70 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective Box 4.1 Ascendency: a measure ... engender many-fold system circulations among the full community a process called network aggradation (Fath and Patten, 20 01). All three behaviors can be traced to autocatalysis a...

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... recently WAND by Allesina and Bondavalli (20 04) and NEA by Fath and Borrett (20 06) are available to perform the necessary computation on network data and will ease the dissemination of these tech- niques. ... political, stem from the lack of a systems perspective that goes to remote, primary causes rather than stopping at proximate, derivative ones. Many systems analysis approaches...

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... that local instabilities can be leading to regional steady-state situations. What we can see is that there are many empirical traps we can fall into. Maybe the connection of empirical research ... plus an additional mortality rate due to food shortage and an additional mortality rate caused by a dis- agreement between bill depth and the size and hardness of seeds. The beak depth can vary .....

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... idea of a “balance of nature” or a “natural equilibrium” (Barkmann et al., 20 01). Chapter 7: Ecosystems have complex dynamics 153 Else_SP-Jorgensen_ch007.qxd 4/5 /20 07 11: 52 Page 153 144 A New Ecology: ... animals Water flea 0 .2 years Mouse 3–4 years Nightingale 4 years Dog 12 20 years Horse 20 –40 years Giant tortoise 177 years Life span of some plants Sun flower 1 year Co...

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... Eutrophicated eutrophicated eutrophicated area before the area after the area area algae crash algae crash EnteromorphaϩUlva 2. 099 28 .21 1 26 4.6 42 1 .27 3 Other macroalgae 16.141 2. 138 6.1 52 0.165 Z. ... spider 3 .27 11.77 Alligators 3.78 8.30 62 Bobcat 3. 02 12. 01 Snakes 3.79 8.58 63 Salamanders 3. 32 12. 29 Salamander larvae 3 .20 8. 62 64 Panthers 3.17 12. 33 Vertebrates...

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... theory (Chapter 5), to feedback mechanisms (Chapters 4 and 7), to cybernetics (Chapters 4 and 7), and thermo-dynamics (Chapters 2 and 6). Furthermore, Jørgensen, Patten, and Straškraba have published ... OBSERVATIONS? Take a walk on a pleasant May day in a temperate deciduous forest, visit the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania when the wildebeests are emigrating North, paddle a c...

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