A New Ecology - Systems Perspective - Intro ppsx

... iii Williams’ and Milan Straškraba’s Foundation” after two of my close scientist friends who passed away in 2002 and 2000. William Williams has contributed significantly to inte- grated lake management ... record is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record is available from the British Library ISBN: 97 8-0 -4 4 4-5 316 0...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 13:20

... principle is used again and again in ecology since it allows one to write balance equations at the core of ecosystem modeling, such as with a basic box-and-arrow diagram in which: accumulation ϭ input–output. 2. ... openness leads to an understand- ing of many ecological rates rooted in scaling theory and allometric principles. 4. Thermodynamically, carbon-based life has a viability dom...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 13:20

... organism, soil type, drainage basin or depth in a water body. At a larger scale, regional and even globally distributed ecosystems can be evaluated based on a commonality of basic structural ... “act in a way that is eco- nomically profitable, socially acceptable, and environmentally compatible.” Already the Rio Declaration emphasized the importance of ecosystems in Principle 7: State...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 13:20

... spatial scale, and time scale are inverse to hierarchical scale. 2 Energy and matter exchange at each level depend on openness, measured as available exchange area relative to volume. Electromagnetic ... to be able make exact measurements. Ecologists rarely do this anyway. Approximations can yield an approxi- mate science, and that is what ecology is. Modeling in particular approximates rea...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 13:20

... that Einstein agreed with Born on the fact that the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics, which originated in Göttingen and was subsequently elaborated at Cambridge and Copenhagen, cor- rectly ... 15:31 Page 38 40 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective Table 3.1 A non-exhaustive list of various authors who have addressed the issue of ontic openness of natural, physical, and bio...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 13:20

... 8. One disadvantage of ascendency as an index of directionality is that its calculation requires a large amount of data. Currently, the networks accompanying a seres of ecologi- cal stages have not ... Feedback, after all, has played a central role in much of what is known as the theory of “self-organization” (e.g. Eigen, 1971; Maturana and Varela, 1980; DeAngelis et al., 1986; Haken, 1...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 13:20

... political, stem from the lack of a systems perspective that goes to remote, primary causes rather than stopping at proximate, derivative ones. Many systems analysis approaches are based on state-space ... recently WAND by Allesina and Bondavalli (2004) and NEA by Fath and Borrett (2006) are available to perform the necessary computation on network data and will ease the dissemination...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 13:20

... that local instabilities can be leading to regional steady-state situations. What we can see is that there are many empirical traps we can fall into. Maybe the connection of empirical research ... plus an additional mortality rate due to food shortage and an additional mortality rate caused by a dis- agreement between bill depth and the size and hardness of seeds. The beak depth can vary .....

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 13:20

... contains amino base coding redundant amino base coding combinations in the sense that for some amino acids two or more combinations of amino bases are valid. As an alphabet is a constraint for an ... constraints are interacting and constantly changing; therefore, the maximum degree of mutual adaptation is a dynamic variable as well. This is a focal reason why the orientor approach is no...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 13:20

... is the area of the cli- matic zones. Tropical landmasses have a larger climatically similar total surface area than landmasses at higher latitudes with similarly small temperature fluctuations (Rosenzweig, ... as a mechanism of adaptation in a feedback loop creates an interactive system between an animal’s phenotype and its environment. 184 A New Ecology: Systems Perspective AB...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 13:20