Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume III - South Asia - J docx

... as many ways as possible. The laity support the wandering ascetics, providing them with food and shelter, the ascetics in turn provide religious and moral guidance. Lay Jains include some of India's leading industrialists, jewelers, and bankers, concentrated particularly in the cities of Bombay, Ahme- dabad, and Delhi. Because so many are businesspeople, the Jains are one of the fe...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20

... alt="" Contents Project Staff vi Contributors vii Preface xiii Introduction xix Maps 1. South Asia xxviii 2. Cultural Regions of South Asia xxix 3. Major Languages of South Asia xxx 4. Dominant Religious Groups of South Asia xxxi 5. Cultural Groups of South Asia xxxii Cultures of South Asia 1 Appendix: Additional Castes, Caste Clusters, and Tribes 309 Bibl...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20

... that life continues be- yond the grave, in a land where each of the uyus has its indi- vidual abode. When one dies, his or her soul is taken to the domain of the uyu who was the cause of death. An individual enjoys the same status and life-style that he or she had while alive. For this reason the deceased is provided with food, drink, possessions, and other tools and provisions to ensur...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20

... in Birbhum, in Jayadeva-Kenduli, Gopalnagar, Dubrajpur, and Bilvamangala. Baul singers are usually men, and they play a variety of instruments to accompany the songs. The most common is the gopijantra or ektara, a one-stringed instrument made from gourd and split bamboo. They may also play the dotara, a two-stringed lute with a long neck, as well as various drums, and sometimes small cymbal...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20

... a diviner has identified what is to be done. There are all manner of private curing rituals, and these are held by whomever knows how, not by professionals; they tend to involve sacrifices to intruding spirits, soul recall- ing, and the leaving of miniature images of wealth outside the village for the spirits. There are few definite seasonal calen- drical ceremonies, but village rites m...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20

... old culture is comprised of three main layers: the Tamil-Malayalam substratum with its many subtle roots; old Sinhala culture and language, which is the dominant element; and the phase of Arabic in- fluence. But the Maldives were touched by every cultural wind that passed over the Indian Ocean. Since independence there has again been influence from Sri Lanka, through its teachers brought...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20

... is not necessary for him to marry for companionship or even for help in cultivation, as the average holding of a Grasia is small and he is able to do all agricul- tural work even if he has a small family. The main reasons for a man to take more than one wife are either that his first wife cannot bear children or that she has only female children. Sociopolitical Organization The Grasias work...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20

... the houses of their audiences; therefore, maintaining a reputation for honesty is necessary for their profession. Because the hijra household is both an economic and a domestic group, pressures to conform are great. Serious conflicts are inhibited by the geographical mobility permitted within the community. Any hijra who cannot get along in one household can move to another for a while; a p...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20

... 106 forest of its kind in the world. Post -World War II dam proj- ects, including that of Bhavani Sagar, created temporary work for others. Many Irula have entered the general job market in the Coimbatore-Mettupalaiyam-Ootacamund region and are employed in a wide array of jobs in the public and private sec- tors. Such jobs include positions in air force and army camps, nationalized b...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20

... Conflict. There is no solid evidence of warfare in the Nilgiris involving the Kotas and other tribes. They claim, however, that the ritual drum, e-rtabatk, was originally used in battle. Religion and Expressive Culture Religious Beliefs. Kotas consider themselves Hindus and no Kotas have gone on record as converting to any other reli- gion, although one or two marriages have reportedly occ...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 20:20