... useful. However, we may not necessarily haveknowledge of a directed or specific threat against some part of the organization.If we assume a generic threat (somebody probably has the access, knowledge, ... or replace systems■Cost of experts to assist▲Employee overtimeAs you can see from just this partial list, the costs of a successful penetration can belarge. Some of these costs will be unknown ... that could have been done when the systems were down? Hopefully, the ac-counting or finance department of an organization can assist in identifying some of thesecosts. In many cases, however,...