Luận án kinh tế - "Human and action" - Chapter 13 pps

... Understanding, ed. Fraser (Oxford, 18 94), I, 33 1- 3 33; Leibniz, Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain, ed. Fammarion, p. 11 9. of an action is to remove a certain uneasiness, instinct-psychology ... transformed into a plant and reduced to a merely vegetative existence. ACTING MAN 29 11 . On the philosophy of history, cf. Mises, Theory and History (New Haven, 19 57), pp. 15 9....

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... the manufacturer and “exploiter” Engels, and Lenin, the scion of the Russian gentry, were certainly not of proletarian background. But Hitler and Mus- solini were genuine proletarians and spent their ... their fault that ECONOMICS AND THE REVOLT AGAINST REASON 83 undeniable fact. What they really wanted to say was that historical under- standing, aesthetic empathy, and value judg...

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... of well-being. They want more and better food, better homes and clothes, and a thousand other amenities. They strive after abundance and health. Taking these goals as given, applied physiology ... ultimate good and the means goods. In applying this terminology economists mainly used to think as technologists and not as praxeologists. They differentiated between free goods and ec...

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... time and of causality. The praxeological system too is aprioristic and deductive. As a system it is out of time. But change is one of its elements. The notions of sooner and later and of cause and ... substituted for that of cause and effect. It will be shown later that axiomatic mechanics cannot serve as a model for the treatment of the economic system. Cf. below, pp. 35 3-3...

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... of all events and changes is uniquely determined by eternal unchangeable laws governing becoming and devel- opment in the whole universe. We may consider the necessary connection and interdependence ... choosing and acting. We merely establish the fact that he chooses and acts and that we are at a loss to use the methods of the natural sciences for answering the question why he ac...

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... owns five units of commodity a and three units of commodity b. He attaches to the units of a the rank-orders 1, 2, 4, 7, and 8, to the units of b the rank-orders 3, 5, and 6. This means: If he must ... theory of value and prices based on the concepts of utility and use-value. The economists believed that they had to abandon such a theory and tried to explain the phenomena of valu...

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... the same investment of capital for a 2 days and for b 3 days are required, and if capital goods and a and b are freely movable from England to India and vice versa, while there is no mobility ... in the emer- gence of the structure-function systems of plant and animal bodies and in the operation of the societies of ants, bees, and hornets. Human society is an intellectual and...

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... Government (New Haven, 194 4), pp. 22 1-2 28, 12 9- 1 3 1-1 40. direction retrogression. Without reference to some agent’s action and to a definite goal both these notions are empty and void of any meaning. It ... Christianity and the non-Christian religions, be- tween the advocates of economic freedom and the various brands of Marxian materialism, between nationalists and inte...

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... social cooperation: cooperation by virtue of contract and coordination, and cooperation by virtue of command and subordination or hegemony. Where and as far as cooperation is based on contract, the ... the same relation to Tom as Tom has to John. Where and as far as cooperation is based on command and subordination, there is the man who commands and there are those who obey his...

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... notion of an unchangeable standard. There are monetary units and there are measurable physical units of various economic goods and of many—but not of all-services bought and sold. But the exchange ... were by and large relegated to a subordi- nate place. There were treatises on catallactics which dealt only incidentally and cursorily with monetary matters, and there were books on...

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... commercial precalculation of expected costs and expected pro- ceeds. The retrospective establishment of the outcome of past action be- comes accounting of profit and loss. The system of economic calculation ... imaginary “social” values and “so- cial” welfare. 1. In partnerships and corporations it is always individuals who act, although not only one individual. 2. Economic Calculatio...

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... people on the one hand and the amount of saving or capital consumption and the height of the originary rate of interest on the other hand. The allocation of scarce resources to want-satisfaction in ... production labor, capital, and land and three classes of income—wages, profit, and rent—as taught by the classical economists is untenable. Rent is not the specific revenue from land....

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... preference. For the marginal land (and, of course, for the submarginal land) no price is paid at all. Rent-bearing land (i.e., land that, compared with the marginal land, bears a higher output per ... of living. Farmers buy and sell land and mortgage it; they sell the produce of land and become very indignant if the prices are not as high as they want them to be. Love of nature and ap...

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... artisans, and small farmers, and they all ask in the name of social justice for the abolition of capitalism. 8 All socialist and interventionist authors and politicians base their anal- ysis and critique ... raises the standard of living of the masses of the manual workers to such a height that they too turn into “bourgeois” and think and act like well-to-do burghers. Eager to p...

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... money rela- tion and, 411–416, 430–432; monopoly and, 277–278, 357–379, 382, 383–387, 397 , 680–682, 766–767; non-market, 395 – 397 ; premium, 541–545; produc- tion and, 394 395 ; profits and, 97–98; purchasing ... appraisement and, 331–333; barter and, 201–206; change and, 217–219, 652–654; com- petition and, 278, 357–358; cost ac- counting and, 212–214, 339 350; costs and, 97–...

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