Luận án kinh tế - "Human and action" - Chapter 10 potx

... Understanding, ed. Fraser (Oxford, 18 94), I, 33 1- 3 33; Leibniz, Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain, ed. Fammarion, p. 11 9. of an action is to remove a certain uneasiness, instinct-psychology ... transformed into a plant and reduced to a merely vegetative existence. ACTING MAN 29 11 . On the philosophy of history, cf. Mises, Theory and History (New Haven, 19 57), pp. 15 9....

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... the manufacturer and “exploiter” Engels, and Lenin, the scion of the Russian gentry, were certainly not of proletarian background. But Hitler and Mus- solini were genuine proletarians and spent their ... their fault that ECONOMICS AND THE REVOLT AGAINST REASON 83 undeniable fact. What they really wanted to say was that historical under- standing, aesthetic empathy, and value judg...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... of well-being. They want more and better food, better homes and clothes, and a thousand other amenities. They strive after abundance and health. Taking these goals as given, applied physiology ... ultimate good and the means goods. In applying this terminology economists mainly used to think as technologists and not as praxeologists. They differentiated between free goods and ec...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... time and of causality. The praxeological system too is aprioristic and deductive. As a system it is out of time. But change is one of its elements. The notions of sooner and later and of cause and ... substituted for that of cause and effect. It will be shown later that axiomatic mechanics cannot serve as a model for the treatment of the economic system. Cf. below, pp. 35 3-3...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... of all events and changes is uniquely determined by eternal unchangeable laws governing becoming and devel- opment in the whole universe. We may consider the necessary connection and interdependence ... choosing and acting. We merely establish the fact that he chooses and acts and that we are at a loss to use the methods of the natural sciences for answering the question why he ac...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... owns five units of commodity a and three units of commodity b. He attaches to the units of a the rank-orders 1, 2, 4, 7, and 8, to the units of b the rank-orders 3, 5, and 6. This means: If he must ... theory of value and prices based on the concepts of utility and use-value. The economists believed that they had to abandon such a theory and tried to explain the phenomena of valu...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... the same investment of capital for a 2 days and for b 3 days are required, and if capital goods and a and b are freely movable from England to India and vice versa, while there is no mobility ... in the emer- gence of the structure-function systems of plant and animal bodies and in the operation of the societies of ants, bees, and hornets. Human society is an intellectual and...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... Government (New Haven, 194 4), pp. 22 1-2 28, 12 9- 1 3 1-1 40. direction retrogression. Without reference to some agent’s action and to a definite goal both these notions are empty and void of any meaning. It ... Christianity and the non-Christian religions, be- tween the advocates of economic freedom and the various brands of Marxian materialism, between nationalists and inte...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... social cooperation: cooperation by virtue of contract and coordination, and cooperation by virtue of command and subordination or hegemony. Where and as far as cooperation is based on contract, the ... the same relation to Tom as Tom has to John. Where and as far as cooperation is based on command and subordination, there is the man who commands and there are those who obey his...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... notion of an unchangeable standard. There are monetary units and there are measurable physical units of various economic goods and of many—but not of all-services bought and sold. But the exchange ... were by and large relegated to a subordi- nate place. There were treatises on catallactics which dealt only incidentally and cursorily with monetary matters, and there were books on...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... balance sheets and in profit- and- loss statements is the evaluation of assets and liabilities not embodied in cash. All such balances and statements are virtually interim balances and interim statements. ... of mongering and peddling. Complacency, self-righteousness, and hypocrisy exult in scorning the “dol- lar-philosophy” of our age. Neurotic reformers, mentally unbalanced lit...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... commercial precalculation of expected costs and expected pro- ceeds. The retrospective establishment of the outcome of past action be- comes accounting of profit and loss. The system of economic calculation ... imaginary “social” values and “so- cial” welfare. 1. In partnerships and corporations it is always individuals who act, although not only one individual. 2. Economic Calculatio...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... market, action means buying and selling. Everything that economics asserts about demand and supply refers to every instance of demand and supply and not only to demand and supply brought about by ... economy with immor- tal, non-aging and nonproliferating men. We are free to assume that infants are born, grow old, and finally die, provided that total population figures and the...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... measures restrict- ing free trade and competition and resulting in monopoly, they say: Contem- porary capitalism stands for protectionism, cartels, and the abolition of compe- tition. It is true, ... process and its turning out of a product ready for use and consumption. The products accumulated for this purpose are either interme- diary stages in the technological process, i.e. too...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20

... of phi- losophy of law and political science indulge in futile and empty brooding THE GOVERNMENT AND THE MARKET 719 and how to produce, at what prices and from whom to buy, at what prices and to ... improve- ment and result in rigidity and stagnation. The flexibility of commodity prices and wage rates is the vehicle of adjustment, improvement, and progress. Those who conde...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 13:20