Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 62 ppt

... Functions of ATM 38 2 6.2.2 Adaptation Layers 38 5 6.2 .3 Quality of Service 38 6 6.2.4 Flow Control 38 7 6.2.5 Signaling and Routing 38 7 6 .3 IP 38 8 6 .3. 1 Routing and Forwarding 39 0 6 .3. 2 Quality ... Service 39 2 6 .3. 3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 39 2 6 .3. 4 Whither ATM? 39 4 6.4 Storage-Area Networks 39 5 6.4.1 ESCON 39 6 6.4.2 Fibre Channel 39...

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... the propagation constant is knl, and for a wave propagating only in the cladding, the propagation constant is kn2. The fiber modes propagate partly 54 PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN OPTICAL FIBER ... incident at an angle 00 < 0~ nax= sin -i V/n12 - n22 (2.2) no at the air-core interface will undergo total internal reflection at the Core-cladding interface and will thus prop...

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... COS((O9i -Jr- (.O j -Jr- co k ) t - ( fl i -[ - ~ j [- ~ k ) Z ) [- COS((O)i -Jr- O) j O) k ) t ( fl i -Jr- fl j ilk)Z) -[ - COS((O)i O) j -Jr- co ~ ) t - ( i~ i - fl j + ilk)Z) -+ - COS((O)i ... of DSF and LEAE Note that the power in the case of LEAF is distributed over a larger area. (After [Liu98].) 6 - 4 - r~ ~ 0- 0 r,~ ~2 m...

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... gratings are classified as either short-period or long-period gratings, based on the period of the grating. Short-period gratings are also called Bragg gratings and have periods that are ... operation of a transmission grating. The reflection grating works in an analogous manner. The path length difference between rays diffracted at angle Oa from adjacent slits is AB - CD =...

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... laser, in general, uses a wavelength-selective mirror instead of a wavelength-flat mirror. (A highly polished and/or metal-coated facet used in conventional lasers acts as a wavelength-flat ... wavelength). These lasers can all be grown on a single substrate in the form of an array. Four- and eight-wavelength laser arrays have been fabricated in research laboratories, but have...

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... switch signals on a packet-by- packet basis. For this application, the switching time must be much smaller than a packet duration, and large switches will be needed. For example, a 53-byte packet ... these mirrors can be manufac- tured and packaged as arrays. Moreover, the mirrors can be fabricated using fairly standard semiconductor manufacturing processes. These mirrors are deflec...

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... and 0 bit, respectively. Let a 2 and cr 2 denote the noise variances for a 1 and 0 bit, respectively. Assume that the noise is Gaussian and that a 1 and 0 bit are equally likely. In this case, ... (4.17). What do you observe as the optical bandwidth is increased? You are doing an experiment to measure the BER of an optically preamplified re- ceiver. The setup consists of an optic...

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... erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) operating in the C-band. In addition, L-band EDFAs and Raman amplifiers are also used. EDFAs are used in almost all amplified WDM systems, whereas Raman amplifiers ... with a receiver are its sensitivity and overload parameter. The sensitivity is the average optical power required to achieve a certain bit error rate at a particular bit rate....

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... Sources of intrachannel crosstalk. (a) A cascaded wavelength demultiplexer and a mul- tiplexer, and (b) an optical switch. The crosstalk penalty is highest when the state of polarization (SOP) ... crosstalk. However, there are a few architectural approaches toward reducing specific forms of crosstalk, particularly crosstalk arising in optical switches. The first approach is to...

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... J. Walrand and P. Varaiya. High-Performance Communication Networks. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 2000. 7.3 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers 409 Figure 7.4 A three-node linear network example ... Transparency. Transparency refers to the fact that the lightpaths can carry data at a variety of bit rates, protocols, and so forth and can, in effect, be made protocol insensitive. Th...

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... based on characteristics of commercially available equipment at OC-192 line rates. Attribute Opaque Opaque Opaque All -Optical Electrical Optical Optical with O/E/Os Figure 7.9 (a) Figure ... signal is split into two parts. One part is sent to the core, and the other part is made available at the test access port. OXCs also provide loopback ca- pabilities. This allows a lightp...

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... 8.1 Cost Trade-Offs: A Detailed Ring Network Example 441 cost trade-offs between the higher-layer and optical- layer equipment in a ring net- work. We will then discuss the LTD and RWA problems, ... with and without wavelength conversion capability. (We will discuss a practical long-haul network design example in Section 13.2.6.) 8.1 Cost Trade-Offs" A Detailed Ring Net...

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... important role in determining the reuse factor. Note that for the same num- ber of available paths, the max-used algorithms have a distinct advantage over the random algorithms. The intuitive reason ... phenomenon is that the max-used strategy provides a higher likelihood of finding the same free wavelength on all the links along a particular route. A drawback of the max-used algo...

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... Discrete Algorithms, pages 41 2-4 23, Jan. 1994. [ACKP97] V. Auletta, I. Caragiannis, C. Kaklamanis, and P. Persiano. Bandwidth allocation algorithms on tree-shaped all -optical networks with wavelength ... number of wavelengths you are using in to- tal? References [ABC+94] A. Aggarwal, A. Bar-Noy, D. Coppersmith, R. Ramaswami, B. Schieber, and M. Sudan. Efficient routing and sch...

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... Meeting, 2000. See also IETF drafts draft-alaettinoglu-isis-convergence-OO.txt and draft-ietf-ospf- scalability-OO.txt. JAR01] D. Awduche and Y. Rekhter. Multiprotocol lambda switching: Combining ... Tirrenia Workshop on Optical Networks, pages 4 2-5 1, 1996. [GR0 0a] O. Gerstel and R. Ramaswami. Optical layer survivabilityma services perspective. IEEE Communications Magazine...

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