Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 50 pot

... in the same way that a telephone network treats phone calls. Requests are assumed to arrive and depart at random instants according to a statistical model. (However, the network is assumed ... place for an average of one year. The link capacities shown are calculated such that no link will need a capacity upgrade within two years, with high (85%) probability. 8.4.1 First-Passage ....

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... layer. A virtual circuit (VC) represents an end-to-end connection with a certain set of quality-of-service parameters associated with it, such as bandwidth and error rate. Data transmitted by ... (virtual circuits) and is capable of providing a variety of quality-of-service guarantees. Packets in ATM are called cells and are of fixed length (53 bytes). ATM is being used by many c...

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... optical packet-switched networks and local-area optical networks continues today. Meanwhile, wavelength-routing networks became a major focus area for several researchers in the early 1990s as ... Intentionally Left Blank Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber O PTICAL FIBER IS A REMARKABLE communication medium compared to other media such as copper or free space. An optical...

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... multiple optical signals are generated by repeated traversals of a single cavity; such devices are called etalons. An electromagnetic wave (light) of angular frequency co propagating, say, in ... and Filters 11~ Figure 3.5 A polarization-independent isolator. The isolator is constructed along the same lines as a polarization-dependent isolator but uses spatial walk-off polarizer...

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... situation. Also the passband of narrow band MZIs is not flat. In contrast, the dielectric multicavity thin-film filters can have flat passbands and good stop bands. MZIs are useful as two-input, ... cavities leads to a flatter passband and a sharper transition from the passband to the stop band. 3.3 Multiplexers and Filters 137 a result, the crosstalk performance is far from the i...

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... 10 0-2 00 mW of power, and pump lasers for Raman amplifiers may go up to a few watts. 3.5.1 Lasers A laser is essentially an optical amplifier enclosed within a reflective cavity that causes ... 2. The laser needs to have a narrow spectral width at a specified operating wave- length so that the signal can pass through intermediate filters and multiple chan- nels can be...

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... of the APD by 7~APD, and the average avalanche multiplication gain by Gm, the average photocurrent is given by [ - 7~APDP Gm~P, and the shot noise current at the APD output has variance 2 ... Such a diagram is called an eye diagram because of its resemblance to the shape of the human eye. An eye diagram can be easily generated experimentally using an oscilloscope to display th...

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... ps/nm-km 2. Consider the same three cases as in Figure 5.30: (a) 8 channels spaced 100 GHz apart, (b) 32 channels spaced 100 GHz apart, and (c) 32 channels spaced 50 GHz apart. Why do second-order ... Fig- ure 5.36. The center wavelength )~" for each channel in a mux/demux has an ac- curacy of +A~ . nm around the nominal center wavelength )~c. Assume a Gaussian passband shape...

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... and add OC-12 or OC-3 streams from/to an OC-48 stream. Similarly, an OC-3 ADM can drop/add DS3 streams from/to an OC-3 stream. ADMs are now widely used in the SONET infrastructure. ADMs can ... first STS-1 in a frame) are used to carry a line data communication channel for maintenance purposes such as alarms, monitoring, and control. Path Overhead STS Path trace (J1). Just as in th...

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... Schesser. Africa ONE: The Africa optical network. IEEE Communications Magazine, 34(2):5 0-5 7, Feb. 1996. [OWS96] S. Okamoto, A. Watanabe, and K I. Sato. Optical path cross-connect node architectures ... Consider a ring network with two intermediate adjacent nodes A and B, each with an OADM. (a) Consider the case where the OADM at node A adds wavelength )~1 and the OADM...

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