Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 46 ppt

... based on characteristics of commercially available equipment at OC-192 line rates. Attribute Opaque Opaque Opaque All -Optical Electrical Optical Optical with O/E/Os Figure 7.9 (a) Figure ... signal is split into two parts. One part is sent to the core, and the other part is made available at the test access port. OXCs also provide loopback ca- pabilities. This allows a lightp...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... added a large amount of new material, and removed some material that is not as relevant to practical optical networks. We have also updated the references and added some new problems. The major ... tool, Ashutosh Kulshreshtha for also computing the detailed mesh network design example, Tapan Kumar Nayak for computing the lightpath topology design example, Parthasarathi Palai for si...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... the propagation constant is knl, and for a wave propagating only in the cladding, the propagation constant is kn2. The fiber modes propagate partly 54 PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN OPTICAL FIBER ... incident at an angle 00 < 0~ nax= sin -i V/n12 - n22 (2.2) no at the air-core interface will undergo total internal reflection at the Core-cladding interface and will thus prop...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... COS((O9i -Jr- (.O j -Jr- co k ) t - ( fl i -[ - ~ j [- ~ k ) Z ) [- COS((O)i -Jr- O) j O) k ) t ( fl i -Jr- fl j ilk)Z) -[ - COS((O)i O) j -Jr- co ~ ) t - ( i~ i - fl j + ilk)Z) -+ - COS((O)i ... of DSF and LEAE Note that the power in the case of LEAF is distributed over a larger area. (After [Liu98].) 6 - 4 - r~ ~ 0- 0 r,~ ~2 m...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... gratings are classified as either short-period or long-period gratings, based on the period of the grating. Short-period gratings are also called Bragg gratings and have periods that are ... operation of a transmission grating. The reflection grating works in an analogous manner. The path length difference between rays diffracted at angle Oa from adjacent slits is AB - CD =...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... laser, in general, uses a wavelength-selective mirror instead of a wavelength-flat mirror. (A highly polished and/or metal-coated facet used in conventional lasers acts as a wavelength-flat ... wavelength). These lasers can all be grown on a single substrate in the form of an array. Four- and eight-wavelength laser arrays have been fabricated in research laboratories, but have...

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... switch signals on a packet-by- packet basis. For this application, the switching time must be much smaller than a packet duration, and large switches will be needed. For example, a 53-byte packet ... these mirrors can be manufac- tured and packaged as arrays. Moreover, the mirrors can be fabricated using fairly standard semiconductor manufacturing processes. These mirrors are deflec...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... and 0 bit, respectively. Let a 2 and cr 2 denote the noise variances for a 1 and 0 bit, respectively. Assume that the noise is Gaussian and that a 1 and 0 bit are equally likely. In this case, ... (4.17). What do you observe as the optical bandwidth is increased? You are doing an experiment to measure the BER of an optically preamplified re- ceiver. The setup consists of an optic...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) operating in the C-band. In addition, L-band EDFAs and Raman amplifiers are also used. EDFAs are used in almost all amplified WDM systems, whereas Raman amplifiers ... with a receiver are its sensitivity and overload parameter. The sensitivity is the average optical power required to achieve a certain bit error rate at a particular bit rate....

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... Sources of intrachannel crosstalk. (a) A cascaded wavelength demultiplexer and a mul- tiplexer, and (b) an optical switch. The crosstalk penalty is highest when the state of polarization (SOP) ... crosstalk. However, there are a few architectural approaches toward reducing specific forms of crosstalk, particularly crosstalk arising in optical switches. The first approach is to...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21