Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 32 pptx

... erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) operating in the C-band. In addition, L-band EDFAs and Raman amplifiers are also used. EDFAs are used in almost all amplified WDM systems, whereas Raman amplifiers ... with a receiver are its sensitivity and overload parameter. The sensitivity is the average optical power required to achieve a certain bit error rate at a particular bit rate....

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... added a large amount of new material, and removed some material that is not as relevant to practical optical networks. We have also updated the references and added some new problems. The major ... tool, Ashutosh Kulshreshtha for also computing the detailed mesh network design example, Tapan Kumar Nayak for computing the lightpath topology design example, Parthasarathi Palai for si...

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... COS((O9i -Jr- (.O j -Jr- co k ) t - ( fl i -[ - ~ j [- ~ k ) Z ) [- COS((O)i -Jr- O) j O) k ) t ( fl i -Jr- fl j ilk)Z) -[ - COS((O)i O) j -Jr- co ~ ) t - ( i~ i - fl j + ilk)Z) -+ - COS((O)i ... of DSF and LEAE Note that the power in the case of LEAF is distributed over a larger area. (After [Liu98].) 6 - 4 - r~ ~ 0- 0 r,~ ~2 m...

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... gratings are classified as either short-period or long-period gratings, based on the period of the grating. Short-period gratings are also called Bragg gratings and have periods that are ... operation of a transmission grating. The reflection grating works in an analogous manner. The path length difference between rays diffracted at angle Oa from adjacent slits is AB - CD =...

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... laser, in general, uses a wavelength-selective mirror instead of a wavelength-flat mirror. (A highly polished and/or metal-coated facet used in conventional lasers acts as a wavelength-flat ... wavelength). These lasers can all be grown on a single substrate in the form of an array. Four- and eight-wavelength laser arrays have been fabricated in research laboratories, but have...

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... switch signals on a packet-by- packet basis. For this application, the switching time must be much smaller than a packet duration, and large switches will be needed. For example, a 53-byte packet ... these mirrors can be manufac- tured and packaged as arrays. Moreover, the mirrors can be fabricated using fairly standard semiconductor manufacturing processes. These mirrors are deflec...

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... Sources of intrachannel crosstalk. (a) A cascaded wavelength demultiplexer and a mul- tiplexer, and (b) an optical switch. The crosstalk penalty is highest when the state of polarization (SOP) ... crosstalk. However, there are a few architectural approaches toward reducing specific forms of crosstalk, particularly crosstalk arising in optical switches. The first approach is to...

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... J. Walrand and P. Varaiya. High-Performance Communication Networks. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 2000. 7.3 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers 409 Figure 7.4 A three-node linear network example ... Transparency. Transparency refers to the fact that the lightpaths can carry data at a variety of bit rates, protocols, and so forth and can, in effect, be made protocol insensitive. Th...

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... 8.1 Cost Trade-Offs: A Detailed Ring Network Example 441 cost trade-offs between the higher-layer and optical- layer equipment in a ring net- work. We will then discuss the LTD and RWA problems, ... with and without wavelength conversion capability. (We will discuss a practical long-haul network design example in Section 13.2.6.) 8.1 Cost Trade-Offs" A Detailed Ring Net...

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... important role in determining the reuse factor. Note that for the same num- ber of available paths, the max-used algorithms have a distinct advantage over the random algorithms. The intuitive reason ... phenomenon is that the max-used strategy provides a higher likelihood of finding the same free wavelength on all the links along a particular route. A drawback of the max-used algo...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21