Encyclopedia of World CulturesVolume I - NORTH AMERICA - B potx

... MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS When You Know Multiply By To Find LENGTH inches 2.54 centimeters feet 30 centimeters yards 0.9 meters miles 1.6 kilometers millimeters 0.04 inches centimeters 0.4 inches meters 3.3 feet meters 1.1 yards kilometers 0.6 miles AREA square feet 0.09 square meters square yards 0.8 square meters square miles 2.6 square kilometers acres 0.4 hectares hectares 2.5 acres square...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 11:20

... province of Quebec has influenced the spoken language, whereas isolated areas such as Cheticamp, on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, have maintained a more archaic form of speech. In the Moncton area, constant intermingling between Acadians and English speakers has spawned a hybrid form of speech, known as Chiac. In French-language schools, modem standard French is taught, and stude...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 11:20

... eastern seaboard in Canada. Basques are present in every state of < /b> the United States but are concentrated in California, Idaho, and Nevada. Basques are particularly noted for an identification with sheepherding and are therefore present to some degree in the open-range livestock districts of < /b> all thirteen states of < /b> the American West. Florida, New York, and Connecticut ha...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 11:20

... one's heritage and efforts to preserve some tradi- tional beliefs and practices. In 1968 Lousiana created the Council for the Development of French in Louisiana (CODOFIL) as a mechanism to encourage the teaching of French in public schools. Because of conflicts over which French to teach-standard French or Cajun French-the program has not been a total success, though many Cajun chi...

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... the country, include over 25,000 members. The two largest are the Delaware Tribe of Western Oklahoma and the Delaware Tribe of Indians, living in northeastern Oklahoma. Linguistic Affiliation. The languages of the three cultures called Delaware are included within the Eastern Algonkian family. The Lenape and the "Jerseys" spoke dialects of the same language, while the Munsee...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 11:20

... few farming communities formed in central California, Louisiana, Illinois, and Arkansas. But the Italian immigrants were mostly an urban group, with at least 85 percent settling in cities. Italy became a unified nation only in 1870; thus Italian immigrants generally felt only a weak identity with Italy and lacked an overarching cultural tradition typical of other im- migrant groups. This le...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 11:20

... with a mem- ber of the spouse's lineage; failure to do so brought retribu- tion from the women of the offended lineage in the form of the destruction of the offender's property. Domestic Unit. Each household consisted of an extended family of between five and thirty persons. Each extended fam- ily constituted an economic unit whose members cooperated in hunting and agric...

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... of Georgian Bay in present-day Ontario, Canada. At that time they numbered about thirty thousand, but following smallpox epidemics in the 1630s were reduced to about ten thousand by 1639. In 1648 and 1649 the Huron confederacy was destroyed by the Iroquois in a war for control of the fur trade. After their defeat the Huron dispersed, with some joining other tribes or being adopted by the...

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... had the power to recall or "dehom" a chief who failed to represent the interests of his people. Theoretically, each sachem was equal to the others in power, but in practice those with better oratorical skills wielded greater influence. After the confederacy had been functioning for a period of time a new, nonhereditary office of pine tree chief was created to provide local lea...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 11:20

... degree to which members of each are assimilated into North American society. Other categories of Jews based on degree of religiousness include Hasidic (ultra-Orthodox) Jews, Reconstructionalists, and "Civil" Jews. As mentioned above, Jews arrived in North America in waves, largely from European nations and these places of an- cestry are used to delineate one Jew or gro...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 11:20

... as a stringently selec- tive acceptance of outside cultural elements and a rejection of outside interference by non-Kickapoo. On a continuum, the Kansas Kickapoo are at the progressive end, the Mexican Kickapoo at the conservative end, and the Oklahoma Kick- apoo in between. It is important to note that the Kickapoo identity is so strong that, except for disputes between individ- uals, th...

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... in Los Angeles (Mexicans and Central Americans), New York (Puerto Ricans and Do- minicans), and Miami (Cubans). Speaking Spanish has also resulted at times in negative personal and group experiences, for it has been used by outsiders to stigmatize many people because they are different. History and Cultural Relations Mexicans can trace their roots to settlements in what is now the southwester...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 11:20

... as community health representatives who offer in-home services and training. Additionally, people use traditional medicine and blessing dancers and singers. Death and Afterlife. The world of humans is the world of illusion and shadow; reality resides in the other world of Power and Creator. Upon death a soul remains close to home for four days; if a proper funeral and burial is he...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 11:20

... 250 Nabesna Nabesna The Nabesna (Nebesnatana, Upper Tanana), an Athapaskan- speaking group, live in the basins of the Nabesna and Chitana rivers in southeastern Alaska. See Tanana Bibliography Guidon, Marie-Francoise (1981). 'UpperTanana River Pot- latch." In Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 6, Sub- arctic, edited by June Helm, 57 7-5 81. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonia...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 11:20

... nearby villages with ties based on mar- riage, presence of the same clans, and trade. Social Control. The leading richmen of a village acted as authorities. Gossip was and still is one of the most effective means of social control. Ostracism, revenge killing, beating, or paying wergild (compensation) could be used if lesser mea- sures failed. If harm occurred within a clan or moiety,...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 11:20