The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 63 pptx

... he redesigned the liberal edifice built on these foundations to the romantic patterns of the nineteenth century. For these he was himself one of the great spokesmen. He learned much of the historical ... fundamental to scientific inquiry was the hypothetical method, in which one argues to the truth of a hypothesis from the fact that it would explain observed phenomena. Mil...

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... motion, due to Zeno of Elea. In a race, Achilles can never catch the tortoise, if the tortoise is given a head start. For while Achilles closes the initial gap between them, the tortoise will ... one, the tor- toise will have created another. However fast Achilles runs, all that the tortoise has to do, in order not to be beaten, is make some progress in the time it takes A...

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... them. For example, our access to the physical world seems to be only via our own sense-data, to the minds of others via their behaviour, and to the past via our memories. There are four types of possible ... for instance, that the wrongness of *killing rests, in part, on the fact that to deprive someone of their life is normally to violate their autonomy. This account c...

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... arranged as to enable him to fulfil this role. In such a society the rulers will possess the wisdom to guide the rest in the light of the good and the true. In the good city there will be all the usual ... of Socrates than to the Plato of the Republic. During the Christian era, Platonic themes resurface, notably in the writings of St Augustine. Human nature need...

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... agreeable to the person himself or to others’; and he invokes sympathy, probably the central notion of his whole moral theory, to explain their operation. Qualities that are useful or agreeable to others will ... were the first agents of a de facto *pluralism. The condemnation of the revisionists, and their joining forces with other dissidents, quickened the pace of the d...

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... to the idealist H. H. Joachim’s The Nature of Truth (1906) or to the pragmatist William James’s The Meaning of Truth (1909) as they do to the founding works of analytical philosophy. s.w.b. There ... using them. But the story is entirely schematic, rem- iniscent of the Stoic doctrine of lekta, and Frege tells us nothing of the nature of this grasp, nor how to answer...

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... observe is first the occurrence of the cause, followed by the occur- rence of the effect. There is nothing to bind them together, apart from the fact that they are constantly conjoined, in the sense ... each has the perceptions we would expect it to have, were there extended material objects that are perceived. The first is the thesis of univer- sal expression; the secon...

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... 1971). logicism. The slogan of the programme is ‘Mathematics is logic’. The goal is to provide solutions to problems in the philosophy of *mathematics, by reducing mathematics, or some of its branches, to ... is rich enough to do complete justice to mathematics. It is often said that the logicists accomplished (only) a reduction of some branches of mathematics to set t...

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... than, or prior to, the inten- tionality of language, or is it rather the reverse? Perhaps, neither is prior to the other, both being interdependent. Moreover, we seem to be able to have thoughts ... of modes is that they depend for their identity upon the identity of the particular sub- stances which possess them. Thus, that a thought is the particular thought it is is part...

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... happiness for the greatest numbers’. These phrases went to the making of the moral theory which was the most important successor to the work of the British Moralists the theory of *utilitarianism. Though ... formulation in the Republic. There Plato argues that the good life consists in the harmony of the soul, with each part of the soul— reason, spirit, and appeti...

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