The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 52 doc

... and mathematician who made major contribu- tions to celestial mechanics and *probability theory. In cosmology he was one of the two independent originators of the nebular hypothesis (the other ... us to invest words and sentences with a certain meaning, whilst the second investigates the relationships between words and the things to which they refer, or the facts that they...

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... stable dispositions to feel and to act at the right time, towards the right people, etc. (this is Aristotle’s ‘doctrine of the *mean’). A virtuous character develops out of the reflective performance ... justified. Chisholm’s commitment to the second of these pre- suppositions caused him to devote a great deal of time to the ‘Gettier problem’. His commitment to the thi...

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... and the gods that gave their names to the seven days of the week. The ‘gazing Country-man’ who only observes the ‘outward appearances’ of the clock has a very different idea of the clock from the ... threat to be cred- ible, either both parties must know that the person mak- ing the threat can make good on it, or the one making the threat must successfully deceive...

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... philosophical topics: the Britannica (from 1768 to the present), Brockhaus (1796 to the present), Larousse (1866 to the present). The first works explicitly claiming to be encyclopaedias of philosophy ... (‘All things belong to the gods; the gods are friends to the wise; friends hold in com- mon what belongs to them; so all things belong to the Diogenes the...

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... sense-data of the kind required by the theory can exist. They are usually supposed to be things that are exactly as they appear. Since their being just consists in their appearing to some mind they can ... this way, as the teleological moralists would assert. All the more dangerous is the use of the maxim The end justifies the means’ to suggest that because some particular...

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... ones. The esoteric works were intended for more advanced pupils. Their obscurity gave rise to the story that they concealed Aristotle’s true doctrines, which were a secret to be revealed only to ... to me just now. If this last were true, we are thrown back to two questions. The first is whether, and how, the belief about how things seem to me just now is justified. The se...

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... accepted the benefits that the other party conceived of your accepting the bene- fits as the first stage of an exchange, then you are not required to pay up, since you didn’t actually agree to the exchange. ... chiefly with the name of Karl Marx, who gave the name ‘rate of exploitation’ to the ratio of the labour time in which the worker produces the capitalist’s surpl...

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... encapsulates the former view; the slogan *credo ut intelligam epitomizes the latter. There being no reason to prefer one absurdity to another, the commitments of extreme fideists are bound to seem ... requires the existence of others, we have a duty not to kill others or otherwise impair their capacity for moral activity. The Science of Rights applies ethical principles...

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... interpreted. Thinkers turn to the great philoso- phers of the past—in particular Plato and Aristotle—for inspiration. A halt is called to the conflict between Platon- ists and Aristotelians that had prevailed ... from the Christian creed. Parallel with this, he endeavours to assimilate the scientific findings of his time and to synthesize them into a unified theory of the co...

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... a.m aci. *Buddhist philosophy; moral philosophy, history of. history, history of the philosophy of. Philosophy of his- tory is generally understood as covering two distinct types of inquiry. The first of these—commonly ... begins. The outcome of the conflict is the transformation of the relations of production to bring them into line with the productive powers so as to...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 09:20