Handbook of Plant Nutrition - chapter 5 docx

... be evi-dence of yield-limiting deficiencies but are expressions of transport of nitrogen from old leaves to26 Handbook of Plant Nutrition TABLE 2.2Approximate Fractions and Common Ranges of Concentrations ... measures. Plant analysis, used in conjunc-tion with plant symptoms and soil testing, is another common tool for assessment of the nutritionalstatus of plants.This handbook covers principles of plant ... functions in plants. Each of these chapterswill include diagnosis of the nutritional status of plants through assessments of plant appearanceand composition. Tabulated data will help correlate plant...

... 57 5. 1 Introduction 58 5. 2 Current Status 59 5. 2.1 Generic Conversion Scheme 59 5. 2.2 Sucrose-to-Ethanol 60 5. 2.3 Starch-to-Ethanol 61 5. 2.4 Lignocellulosics-to-Ethanol 62 5. 3 Outlook for Bioethanol ... In Encyclopaedia of Energy, ed. C. J. Cleveland, 54 1 -5 55 . New York: Elsevier.© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC66 Handbook of Plant- Based Biofuelsecological risks, biofuels can only ... Development 65 5.3.1 Drivers for Fuel Ethanol Development 65 5.3.1.1 Security of the Energy Supply 65 5.3.1.2 Economic Drivers 66 5. 3.1.3 Environmental Drivers 67 5. 3.1.4 Greenhouse Gas Balance 67 5. 3.1 .5 ...

... cellodextrinases (1, 4- -D-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.74) and cellobiohydrolases (CBH or 1, 4- -D-glucan cellobiohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.91); (2) endo- -1 ,4-glucanase (EG or endo-1, 4- -D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, ... Francis Group, LLC 150 Handbook of Plant- Based Biofuelsputative binding site for the CRE1 repressor protein (Ilmen et al. 1996). The removal of sequences upstream of position -5 00 in relation to ... requires the synergistic action of mainly endo-xylanases, which cleave the -1 , 4- xylose linkages of the xylan backbone; exo-xylanases, which hydrolyze the -1 , 4- linkages of xylan from the reducing...

... 77NitrogenPhosphorusPotassiumSulfurCalciumMagnesiumIronManganeseBoronCopperZincMolybdenum4.0 4 .5 5.0 5. 5 6.0 6 .5 pHNeutralAcid Alkaline7.0 7 .5 8.0 8 .5 9.0FIGURE 5. 4 Influence of soil pH on the availability of nutri-ent elements in organic soils. The width of the shaded ... mycorrhizae. Plants tend tosuppress mycorrhizal associations under conditions of highnutrient availability.84 Chapter 5 68 Chapter 5 In this chapter we will discuss first the nutritional needs of plants, ... 0.11ZnSO4⋅7H2O 287 .54 1.0 0.2882.0Zn 2.0 0.13CuSO4⋅5H2O 249.68 0. 25 0.062 Cu 0 .5 0.03H2MoO4( 85% MoO3) 161.97 0. 25 0.040 Mo 0 .5 0. 05 NaFeDTPA (10% Fe) 468.20 64 30.0 0.3–1.0 Fe 16.1 53 .7 1.00–3.00OptionalaNiSO4⋅6H2O...

... infringe.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of plant- based biofuels / editor, Ashok Pandey.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 97 8-1 -5 6 02 2-1 7 5- 3 (alk. ... four chapters. Chapter 1 is introduc-tory and gives a prole of plant- based biofuels. Chapter 2 deals with the world biofuel scenario and provides an overview of the production of biofuels from ... Group, LLC8 Handbook of Plant- Based BiofuelsIn the past few years, biofuel programs have gained new momentum, as a result of rising prices of petroleum fuels as well as the advent of ex-fuel vehicles...

... ProductsCarbonization Days 6 75 Very low CharcoalConventional 5 30 min 8 75 Low Oil, gas, charFast 0 .5 5 s 9 25 High Bio-oilFlash-liquid <1 s <9 25 Very high Bio-oilFlash-gas <1 s <9 25 Very high Chemicals, ... Pressure (MPa) DryingLiquefaction 52 5–600 5 20 UnnecessaryPyrolysis 650 –800 0.1–0 .5 Necessary© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC16 Handbook of Plant- Based Biofuelsto smaller compounds by ... Selectivities(wt%)100Fe/6Cu/5K/25SiO2100Fe/6Cu/5K/3Al2O3/22SiO2100Fe/6Cu/5K/5Al2O3/20SiO2100Fe/6Cu/5K/7Al2O3/18SiO2100Fe/6Cu/5K/10Al2O3/15SiO2100Fe/6Cu/5K/25Al2O3CH4C2–4C 5 11C12–18C19+6.324 .5 26.821.920 .5 8.727.827.621.214.410.430.832.2 15. 811.010.729.933.9 15. 010.614.333.440.06.06.117.346 .5 31.04.90.4Reaction...

... cyclopentenolone, 1-acetyloxy-2-propanone, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-pyrone, 2-methoxy- 4- methylanisole, 4-OH-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, maltol, etc. (Diebold 2000).Inorganic components can be present in bio-oil in ... ethanol, 2-propene-1-ol, isobutanol, 3-methyl-1-bu-•tanol, ethylene glycol, etc.Ketones: acetone, 2-butanone, 2-butanone (mek), 2,3-butandione, cyclo-•pentanone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, 2-cyclopentanone, ... acetaldehyde, 2-propenal, 2-butenal, 2- methyl-•2-butenal, pentanal, ethanedial.Phenols: phenol, 2-methyl phenol, 3-methyl phenol, 4-methyl phenol, •2,3-dimethyl phenol, 2,4-dimethyl phenol, 2 , 5- dimethyl...