The grammar of the english verb phrase part 42 ppsx
The grammar of the english verb phrase part 1 pdf
... Cappelle.p. cm. − (The grammar of the English verb phrase ; v. 1) (Topics in English linguistics ; 60 .1) Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN -13 : 978-3 -11 - 018 589-8 (hardcover : ... paper)ISBN -10 : 3 -11 - 018 589-X (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. English language − Tense. 2. English language − Grammar. I. Reed, Susan, 19 59− II. Cappelle, Bert, 19 75− III. Title.PE13 01. D36 200642 51. 62−dc222006020424ISBN -13 : ... Table of contentsAcknowledgements VTable of contents VIIChapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Towards a theory of tense and time 91 Chapter 3. The absolute use of the present tense 17 1Chapter...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 2 doc
... verb forms 22 A. Tense 22 1.14 Introduction 22 1.15 The formation of the present tense 23 1.16 The formation of the past tense 23 1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24 1.18 The meanings of ... 25 1.19 Special uses of tenses 27 B. Aspect 28 1 .20 Introduction 28 1 .21 Perfective aspect 301 .22 Imperfective aspect 311 .23 Habitual aspect 331 .24 Repetitive vs semelfactive aspect 351 .25 ... misunderstandings. Part III (ϭ sections 1.14Ϫ1 .27 ) is a brief over-view of tense and two other areas of meaningthat can be expressed by the use of verb formsin English and that interact with tense: the sys-tem...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 3 docx
... speak of anoun phrase (NP) (e. g.all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the verb ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequences of these semantics both for the adverbial ... whether a clause refers to the performance of an action, the happening of an event, the development of a process or the existence of astate, we can say that the clause in question refers to the actualization...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 4 docx
... having eaten). The point is that the time of orientationto which they relate the time of their situation does not have to be the temporalzero-point. It is criterial of tensed forms that they encode ... consisting of the initialletters of the terms negation, inversion, code and emphasis. The reference is to the four cases in which the English VP requires an auxiliary. If there is noauxiliary, the ... a verb form’. A verb form consists either of a verb (in the form of a participle or infinitive) plus one or more auxiliaries(e. g. will see, would have seen) or of a (usually inflected) verb...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 5 pdf
... form of will.)1. 15 The formation of the present tense The forms of the present tense of all verbs except be and have are homopho-nous with the stem of the verb (e. g. underline), except in the ... underlines). (The stem is that part of the verb that remains con-stant in the different forms of the verb, e. g. unravel in unravels, unravelled,unravelling.) The stem of the verb can also ... infinitive(which is the citation form of the verb used as an entry in dictionaries).1.16 The formation of the past tense The regular past tense indicative form consists of the stem of the verb and asuffix...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 24 ppsx
... past domain. The semantics of the absolute past tense is: The situationtime is located in the past time-sphere (defined relative to t0)’; the semantics of 160 2. Towards a theory of tense and ... it relates the situation time of the bike having loads of gears to the situation time of Meg’sbuying a bike. Specifically, it locates the having simultaneous to the buying. That is, the present ... to) the orientation timefrom which the temporal location of the situation time takes its starting point. (In the example above, the situation time of the buying is located by starting at the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 32 ppsx
... time of the predicated situation, the time of the full situ-ation and the time of the pre-present time zone.In section 5.6 we then provide an interim sum-mary of the core meaning of the present ... it.212 5. The absolute use of the present perfectI. The semantics of the present perfect The present perfect locates the situation time in the pre-present, i. e. in that portion of the present ... the case of the latter.A summary of chapter 5 is provided in part X(section 5.38).216 5. The absolute use of the present perfectsituation does not play a part in the semantics of the present...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 42 ppsx
... of a period requires considering it from beginning to end. The situation of a286 5. The absolute use of the present perfectAs noted in 5.21.3, the temporal interpretation of the clause in the ... illustrate the following:(a) In spite of the fact that there is a situation of watching in process at t0, the present tense cannot be used in Standard English (while it must be usedin most other ... leading up to now.280 5. The absolute use of the present perfectthen ‘account for’ the twenty years, and are thus treated as filling the periodup to now. In other words, the subsituations mentioned...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 49 ppsx
... seen that if the speaker of a when-question is asking about the time of actualization of a bygone situation, the fact of actualization of the situation is taken for granted, and it is the pasttense ... when-questions in the present perfect can be used to challenge an explicitor implicit assumption on the part of the addressee or someone else (including the speaker). Thus the speakers of the following ... the actualization of a specific instance or specificinstances of the sort of situation referred to. For example, in a discussion of the use of experts in general (and not of any particular expert),...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 50 ppsx
... In English, future tense forms arenot built by means of a special suffix but by means of the present tense of one of the auxiliaries will or shall (the latter in the first person only) or of the ... are other expres-sions referring to the possible actualization of a situation in the post-present.However, they differ from the future tense in that, even in the absence of futuretime adverbials, ... Inthis chapter, we examine the fourth absolutetense, viz. the future tense. We also considerother verb forms that have an element of futuretime reference as part of their semantics.In section...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 51 ppsx
... agentive verb phrases, be going to can be used to express the idea that the agent has the present intention of doing something in the post-present. The agent is as a rule the referent of the subject ... emphasison the present (see 7.3.2). This concern with the present may be of variouskinds, but all of them can be subsumed under the heading of ‘concern with the present source (origin) of the predicted ... time’),there is also a special use of the progressive form of the future tense, whichcombines the following characteristics: (a) There is no implication of pro-gressive aspectual meaning; (b) The...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 71 ppsx
... subordination in the various time-zonesHowever, this does not mean that the simultaneity relation which we under-stand there to be between the situation of the subclause and the situation time of the head ... that the situation time of is lyingis represented as coinciding with t0. The fact that in the latter case the situationtime of believe also coincides with t0does not alter the fact that the ... domains and use of tenses: summary The following chart summarizes the main findings of Part II (ϭ sections9.8Ϫ12):Kind of W-interpretation Temporal subordination Shift of domain(ϭ shift of perspective...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 82 ppsx
... back, the situation time of the subclause must not be related to t0(by the use of willbe as an Absolute Future System form), nor to the situation time of the headclause (by the use of will ... relation between the situa-tion time of the subclause and the situation time of the head clause is expressedonly by the conjunction, not by the tense forms (both of which relate theirsituation ... privatization. (www) [The level of supervision needs to be related to the level of responsibility you givethem.] Whatever they will be doing, you will get better results out of them if you givethem some...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 103 ppsx
... Adverbialbefore-clauses 709that’). In the second example, the Pseudo-t0-System form moves clearly relates the situation time of the that-clause to the time, not to the situation time of the ... clause. The fact that before-clauses use exactly the same verb formtherefore confirms our hypothesis that the same temporal relation is expressed.14.6.5 One of the consequences of relating the ... after-clausesThese sentences are ungrammatical because the situation time of the before-clause is T-related to the situation time of the head clause rather than to the Anchor time. This kind of indirect...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 104 ppsx
... the context, the before-clause can use either the past tenseor the past perfect. If the counterfactual reading is not imposed by the pragmatics of the context, only the use of the conditional ... read from the current speaker’spoint of view. On the other hand, if the context shows that the before-clauseis part of Fred’s thinking at the time that he left the capital Ϫ i. e. if the before-clause ... it.As before, the before-clauses function as situation-time adverbials in these ex-amples: the situation time of the head clause is contained in the Adv-time. The situation time of the before-clause...
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