The grammar of the english verb phrase part 32 ppsx

... Cappelle. p. cm. − (The grammar of the English verb phrase ; v. 1) (Topics in English linguistics ; 60 .1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN -13 : 978-3 -11 - 018 589-8 (hardcover : ... paper) ISBN -10 : 3 -11 - 018 589-X (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. English language − Tense. 2. English language − Grammar. I. Reed, Susan, 19 59− II. Cappelle, Be...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... verb forms 22 A. Tense 22 1.14 Introduction 22 1.15 The formation of the present tense 23 1.16 The formation of the past tense 23 1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24 1.18 The meanings of ... 25 1.19 Special uses of tenses 27 B. Aspect 28 1 .20 Introduction 28 1 .21 Perfective aspect 30 1 .22 Imperfective aspect 31 1 .23 Habitual aspect 33 1...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... speak of a noun phrase (NP) (e. g. all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the verb ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14 look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequenc...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... having eaten). The point is that the time of orientation to which they relate the time of their situation does not have to be the temporal zero-point. It is criterial of tensed forms that they encode ... consisting of the initial letters of the terms negation, inversion, code and emphasis. The reference is to the four cases in which the English VP requires an aux...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... form of will.) 1. 15 The formation of the present tense The forms of the present tense of all verbs except be and have are homopho- nous with the stem of the verb (e. g. underline), except in the ... underlines). (The stem is that part of the verb that remains con- stant in the different forms of the verb, e. g. unravel in unravels, unravelled, unrav...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... past domain. The semantics of the absolute past tense is: The situation time is located in the past time-sphere (defined relative to t 0 )’; the semantics of 160 2. Towards a theory of tense and ... it relates the situation time of the bike having loads of gears to the situation time of Meg’s buying a bike. Specifically, it locates the having simultaneous to the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... time of the predicated situation, the time of the full situ- ation and the time of the pre-present time zone. In section 5.6 we then provide an interim sum- mary of the core meaning of the present ... it. 212 5. The absolute use of the present perfect I. The semantics of the present perfect The present perfect locates the situation time in the pre-pre...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... of a period requires considering it from beginning to end. The situation of a 286 5. The absolute use of the present perfect As noted in 5.21.3, the temporal interpretation of the clause in the ... illustrate the following: (a) In spite of the fact that there is a situation of watching in process at t 0 , the present tense cannot be used in Standard English (wh...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... seen that if the speaker of a when- question is asking about the time of actualization of a bygone situation, the fact of actualization of the situation is taken for granted, and it is the past tense ... when-questions in the present perfect can be used to challenge an explicit or implicit assumption on the part of the addressee or someone else (including the s...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... In English, future tense forms are not built by means of a special suffix but by means of the present tense of one of the auxiliaries will or shall (the latter in the first person only) or of the ... are other expres- sions referring to the possible actualization of a situation in the post-present. However, they differ from the future tense in that, even in the a...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... agentive verb phrases, be going to can be used to express the idea that the agent has the present intention of doing something in the post- present. The agent is as a rule the referent of the subject ... emphasis on the present (see 7.3.2). This concern with the present may be of various kinds, but all of them can be subsumed under the heading of ‘concern with...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... subordination in the various time-zones However, this does not mean that the simultaneity relation which we under- stand there to be between the situation of the subclause and the situation time of the head ... that the situation time of is lying is represented as coinciding with t 0 . The fact that in the latter case the situation time of believe also coincides wi...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... back, the situation time of the subclause must not be related to t 0 (by the use of will be as an Absolute Future System form), nor to the situation time of the head clause (by the use of will ... relation between the situa- tion time of the subclause and the situation time of the head clause is expressed only by the conjunction, not by the tense forms (bot...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... Adverbial before -clauses 709 that’). In the second example, the Pseudo-t 0 -System form moves clearly relates the situation time of the that-clause to the time, not to the situation time of the ... clause. The fact that before-clauses use exactly the same verb form therefore confirms our hypothesis that the same temporal relation is expressed. 14.6.5 One of the...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20

... the context, the before-clause can use either the past tense or the past perfect. If the counterfactual reading is not imposed by the pragmatics of the context, only the use of the conditional ... read from the current speaker’s point of view. On the other hand, if the context shows that the before-clause is part of Fred’s thinking at the time that he lef...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20