The grammar of the english verb phrase part 22 pptx

... Cappelle. p. cm. − (The grammar of the English verb phrase ; v. 1) (Topics in English linguistics ; 60 .1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN -13 : 978-3 -11 - 018 589-8 (hardcover : ... paper) ISBN -10 : 3 -11 - 018 589-X (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. English language − Tense. 2. English language − Grammar. I. Reed, Susan, 19 59− II. Cappelle, Be...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... verb forms 22 A. Tense 22 1.14 Introduction 22 1.15 The formation of the present tense 23 1.16 The formation of the past tense 23 1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24 1.18 The meanings of ... 25 1.19 Special uses of tenses 27 B. Aspect 28 1 .20 Introduction 28 1 .21 Perfective aspect 30 1 .22 Imperfective aspect 31 1 .23 Habitual aspect 33 1...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... speak of a noun phrase (NP) (e. g. all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the verb ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14 look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequenc...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... having eaten). The point is that the time of orientation to which they relate the time of their situation does not have to be the temporal zero-point. It is criterial of tensed forms that they encode ... consisting of the initial letters of the terms negation, inversion, code and emphasis. The reference is to the four cases in which the English VP requires an aux...

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... form of will.) 1. 15 The formation of the present tense The forms of the present tense of all verbs except be and have are homopho- nous with the stem of the verb (e. g. underline), except in the ... underlines). (The stem is that part of the verb that remains con- stant in the different forms of the verb, e. g. unravel in unravels, unravelled, unrav...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... make the situation durative.) One after the other, the ramblers reached the top of the hill. (The idea of repetition is induced by the plurality of the subject NP and the duration-implying phrase ... ashes.] The fact that the transition cannot form part of the ‘middle part of the situa- tion referred to by the progressive form is due to the fact tha...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... Paris.]” (The situation time is that part of the time of the speaker’s being in Rennes that coincides with t 0 . The adverbial until six indicates the duration of the remaining part Ϫ the part following ... hours’.) 2.31.2 There are a couple of cases in which the situation time coincides with the time of the full situation. In these cases a pure duration adv...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... reading) In these examples, the length of the pre-present period is to be inferred from the pragmatics of the context. In the following, it is indicated by the bifunc- tional adverbial for the last ... 276 5. The absolute use of the present perfect on the irritation of being kept waiting, of standing around doing nothing (or rather on the minimal amount of su...

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... photo of a man in uniform. Raising the lid of the well, she pointed to the green water. The locomotive jumped the rails, narrowly missing a couple of trees near the railway. In these examples, the ... 497 the fact that the two situations do not really overlap but concentrates on the fact that they follow each other closely and that there is some logical relation betw...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... T-anterior to the situation time of the matrix clause. There is therefore no expression of the T-relation between the situation times of the two subclauses. This means that only the that-clause ... domain, there are sometimes two possibilities as to the choice of binding time. Compare the following, in which the past perfect forms in the head clauses are the past...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... in clauses with temporal adverbials [I don’t think any of the others caused the injury.] I have once before heard of this happening to a Lionhead belonging to a friend of my son. (www) (g) Once ... support that objective. 7. The following are www examples: Martin Sixsmith was trying to approach it [ϭ the question] from the point of view of the Civil Service and he, of...

Ngày tải lên: 01/07/2014, 23:20

... of the when-clause). The use of the past perfect in the when-clause means that the situation time of the when-clause is not bound by the contained orientation time of the when-clause but by the same ... way for the situation time of the when-clause to be bound) means that the situation time of the when-clause is bound by the contained orientation time...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20

... etc. (from the summary of a novel) At eight p.m. John is still working, [though it’s high time for him to go home.] (c) There is no problem either if the adverbial forms part of the description of the ... the existence of an interval of time between a contextually given orientation time and the situation time of the subclause, as well as the nonactualization of...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20

... except the subject, in other words, of the verb phrase and of additional optional phrases, if any. Predicated situation: that part of the full situation (possibly all of it) about which an assertion ... example, They climbed the Matterhorn, which was very steep differs from They climbed the Matterhorn, which is very steep in that by using the past tense the speaker...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20

... locates the actualization of the situation of the paint being white in the present zone, thus shifting the temporal focus from the past to the present. Shift of temporal perspective: the selection of ... constant in the different forms of the verb, e. g. unchain in unchains, unchained, unchaining. The stem of a verb is homophonous with the present infini...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 00:20