Giới thiệu về IP 4

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... SchormansCopyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons LtdISBNs: 0 -47 1 -49 187-X (Hardback); 0 -47 0- 841 66 -4 (Electronic) 4 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE TECHNOLOGIES OF IP AND ATMthe level of an analogue telephony signal) ... bit-rate of 30 C 2 ð 64 D 2 048 kbit/s. Some readers may be morefamiliar with the 1 544 kbit/s 24- channel system which has 1 extra bit perframe.The time division multiplexing concept can be ... requirement. IP does have something similar: the type of service (ToS) field in IPv4or the priority field in IPv6. Both fields have codes that specify differentlevels of loss treatment. In addition, in IP...

... to IP and ATM Design Performance: With Applications Analysis Software,Second Edition. J M Pitts, J A SchormansCopyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons LtdISBNs: 0 -47 1 -49 187-X (Hardback); 0 -47 0- 841 66 -4 ... bufferLocation: Chapter 9, page 146 Model: multiple ON–OFF sources – excess-rate analysisUse: combined burst-scale loss and delay analysis – suitable for IP andATM scenarios with multiple flows (e.g. RSVP), ... packet finds more than k inthe systemLocation: Chapter 14, page 249 Model: ON–OFF/D/1/KUse: basic continuous-time queueing model for IP or ATM, suitable forper-flow or per-VC scenariosFormulas:...

... 240 calls overthe period of a day, and an average call duration of 3 minutes. Suppose 24 calls are unsuccessful, then c D 240 , ccD 216, and clD 24. ThusA D 240 ð 3 24 ð 60D 0.5EL D 24 ... to IP and ATM Design Performance: With Applications Analysis Software,Second Edition. J M Pitts, J A SchormansCopyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons LtdISBNs: 0 -47 1 -49 187-X (Hardback); 0 -47 0- 841 66 -4 ... SchormansCopyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons LtdISBNs: 0 -47 1 -49 187-X (Hardback); 0 -47 0- 841 66 -4 (Electronic) 54 TELETRAFFIC ENGINEERINGThe blocking probability specified is used to select the correct...

... assumption, about1E−121E−101E−081E−061E− 04 1E−021E+000 0.2 0 .4 0.6 0.8 1UtilizationEstimate of cell lossPr{x> 24} M/M/1/ 24 Pr{x= 24} Figure 4. 4. Comparison of CLP Estimates for Finite ... = 0 .4 ρ = 0 .47 2ρ = 0.6ρ = 0.8PrSystemSizeisX , x :D 1   Ð xi:D 0 20xi:D iy1i:D PrSystemSizeisX 0.2, xiy2i:D PrSystemSizeisX 0 .4, xiy3i:D PrSystemSizeisX 0 .47 2, ... simple:Prfsystem size > xgDxC1When x D 24 and  D 0 .47 2, this equation gives a value of 7.06 ð 109which is very close to the previous estimate.Now Figure 4. 4 compares the results for the two approximations,Prfsystem...

... J M Pitts, J A SchormansCopyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons LtdISBNs: 0 -47 1 -49 187-X (Hardback); 0 -47 0- 841 66 -4 (Electronic)78FUNDAMENTALS OF SIMULATIONAell rateTimeA burst offixed cell ... the ‘conveyor belt’ of cell slots (see Figure 1 .4) .We will concentrate on the discrete time advance mechanism in thisintroduction.Introduction to IP and ATM Design Performance: With Applications ... cellrate to anotherFigure 5 .4. The Basic Unit of Traffic in Cell-Rate Simulationduring which it is assumed that the inter-arrival times do not vary (seeFigure 5 .4) . Thus instead of an event...

... to IP and ATM Design Performance: With Applications Analysis Software,Second Edition. J M Pitts, J A SchormansCopyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons LtdISBNs: 0 -47 1 -49 187-X (Hardback); 0 -47 0- 841 66 -4 ... arrival rate is . This distribution, Ft, is shown in Figure 6 .4 for a load of 47 .2% (i.e. the 1000 CBR source example from Chapter 4) . Thearrival rate is 166 667 cell/s which corresponds to an ... traffic behaviour are we interested in for ATM, or IP? InChapter 3 we looked at the flow of calls in a circuit-switched telephonynetwork, and in Chapter 4 we extended this to consider the flow ofcells...

... to IP and ATM Design Performance: With Applications Analysis Software,Second Edition. J M Pitts, J A SchormansCopyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons LtdISBNs: 0 -47 1 -49 187-X (Hardback); 0 -47 0- 841 66 -4 ... to IP and ATM Design Performance: With Applications Analysis Software,Second Edition. J M Pitts, J A SchormansCopyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons LtdISBNs: 0 -47 1 -49 187-X (Hardback); 0 -47 0- 841 66 -4 ... using the relationshipbetween offered, carried and lost trafficatthecell level, i.e.L D A  C106BASIC CELL SWITCHING0 246 810Queue size10−1010−910−810−710−610−510 4 10−310−210−1State...

... LtdISBNs: 0 -47 1 -49 187-X (Hardback); 0 -47 0- 841 66 -4 (Electronic)122CELL-SCALE QUEUEINGSource1Source2SourceN...Source1Source2SourceN...2 × 2 ATMswitchingelementSourcemultiplexerSourcemultiplexerFigure ... with the burst-scale queueing behaviour, as we willsee in Chapter 9.1 14 CELL-SCALE QUEUEING0123 4 5nn+1 n+2 n+3 n +4 n+5 n+6 n+7 n+8 n+9 n+10Time slot numberNumber of arrivals in a slotFigure ... Qx for a fixed load of0 10203 040 Buffer capacity10−1010−910−810−710−610−510 4 10−310−210−1100Q(x)N = 1000N = 500N = 200N = 50•k:D 0 40 NDD1Q x, N,:D D NNnDxC1combin...