... application. New Perspectives in Biosensors Technology and Applications 1 32 cancer targeting and imaging (Gao, 20 04). The probes with passive and active tumor targeting behaviors were ... commonly utilized in biosensors for detecting maltose (Medintz, 20 03), aptamers (Hansen, 20 06), 2, 4,6-trinitrotoluene (Goldman, 20 05), toxins (Goldman, 20 04), and DNA (Zhang, 20 05). Because of ... QDs, water soluble QDs and protein-conjugated QDs [Figs. 3(b) and (c)], which (a) New Perspectives in Biosensors Technology and Applications 128 assay formats (Yen, 20 04; Blasse, 1994)....