... part in the signaling of neuroprotective effects in the brain [63]. In this study, we noted a distinct pattern of cytokine/chemokine expression in the brain, spleen, and serum of the HIV-1Tg and ... Results: In the spleen, there was an increase in key pro-inflammatory (IL1α, IL-1β, IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines, and inflammatory chemokines (Ccl2, Ccl7, and Ccl9,) in response ... endotoxin, when the animal is in an ET state, there is an increase in production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and a decrease in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in comparison to a single...