Elsevier, Neural Networks In Finance 2005 4 doc

... forms in the neural network literature. 2 .4. 2 Squasher Functions The neurons process the input data in two ways: first by forming lin- ear combinations of the input data and then by “squashing” ... form of learning behavior. Often used to characterize learning by doing, the func- tion becomes increasingly steep until some in ection point. Thereafter the function becomes increasingly fl...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 19:20

... bagging is more extensive. The alternative forecasts may come not from different models per se, but from bootstrapping the initial training set. As we discuss in Section 4. 2.8, bootstrapping involves ... resampling the original training set with replace- ment, and then taking repeated forecasts. Bagging is particularly useful if the data set exhibits instability or structural change. Combi...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 19:20

... . 38 2.5.2 Neural Network Extensions 39 2.6 Nonlinear Principal Components: Intrinsic Dimensionality 41 2.6.1 Linear Principal Components 42 2.6.2 Nonlinear Principal Components 44 2.6.3 Application ... Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) meetings in Washington, DC, in 2001, and in Honolulu and Singapore in 2002. These meetings were eye-openers for anyone trained...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 19:20

... evaluating the success of a nonlinear regression. 44 2. What Are Neural Networks? x1 x2 x3 x4 Inputs x2 x4 x1 x3 Inputs c11 c22 c21 c12 H-Units FIGURE 2.12. Neural principal components 2.6.2 Nonlinear ... regime switching model and the pure linear model. 2.6 Nonlinear Principal Components: Intrinsic Dimensionality 43 x1 x4 x3 x2 x1 x2 x3 x4 Inputs H-Units Outputs FIGURE 2.11. Linear...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 19:20

... and Finance TABLE 6 .4. Partial Derivatives of NNSTRS Model Period Arguments Production Price Interest Income Mean 0. 143 0.089 −0 .45 0 0. 249 1992 0. 140 0.090 −0 .45 8 0. 249 1996 0.137 0.091 −0 .45 5 ... Rate NAPM Index MSCI Index IIP Spread 1 Default Rate 0.3721 1 Real. Ex. Rate 0.1221 0.0286 1 NAPM Index −0.6502 −0.2335 −0.0277 1 MSCI Index −0.0838 0.0067 0. 242 7 0.13 34 1 IIP −0....

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 19:20

... 0. 246 0.216 Skewness 0 .48 7 0.590 0.582 0.536 0 .40 4 0.5 84 Kurtosis 2.0 64 2.235 2.302 2. 242 2.338 3.553 Max 60.500 53.300 47 .250 47 .500 47 .500 47 .500 Min 11.000 12.000 12.250 12.750 12.000 11.000 deviation ... Forecasting 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 20 04 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 .4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Nonlinear Principal Component Linear Principal Component FIGURE 9.5. U.S....

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 19:20

... the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) meetings in Washington, DC, in 2001, and in Honolulu and Singapore in 2002. These meetings were eye-openers for anyone trained in ... Principal Components 42 2.6.2 Nonlinear Principal Components 44 2.6.3 Application to Asset Pricing 46 2.7 Neural Networks and Discrete Choice 49 2.7.1 Discriminant Analysis...

Ngày tải lên: 08/05/2014, 10:01

... the 1 Kalman Filtering and Neural Networks, Edited by Simon Haykin ISBN 0 -47 1-36998-5 # 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kalman Filtering and Neural Networks, Edited by Simon Haykin Copyright # 2001 ... P k ð½P f k  À1 ^ xx f k þ½P bÀ k  À1 ^ xx bÀ k Þ: ð1 :44 Þ Using Eqs. (1.36) and (1 .43 ) in (1 .44 ) yields, after simplification, ^ xx k ¼ ^ xx f k þðP k z À k À G k ^ xx f k Þ;...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 13:15

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 13:16

... final outcome is being sought. Neural networks are often employed in data mining do to the ability for neural networks to be trained. Neural networks can also be used to predict. Chapter 14 ... operator. Yet neural networks have a long way to go. Neural Networks Today Neural networks are in use today for a wide variety of tasks. Most people think of neural net...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 20:20