... papers we included 25 (13 for diabetes, 5 for asthma, 4 for arthritis, 3 for COPD, 0 for heart failure) which covered 26 different self-efficacy instrument versions. For 8instruments (30.8%), ... included for patients with heart failure.The 25 papers covered 23 different self-efficacy instru-ments. For three instruments, different versions weredeveloped: for the Self-Efficacy Score for ... combination with input fromexperts (4 instruments [22,30,35,36]), followed by inputfrom experts and patients without literature searches (for 3 instruments [21,28,33]). Overall, for the developmentof...