Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 7 docx

... acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number -1 0 : 0-8 49 3-3 59 4-9 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number -1 3 : 97 8-0 -8 49 3-3 59 4-5 (Hardcover) This book contains information ... explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Nollet, Leo M. L., 19 4 8- Radionuclide concentrations...

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... h 22 8 Ac 23 2  22 8  1.9 y 56 s 0.15 s 3.7 d 21 2 Pb 21 6 Po 22 0 Rn 22 4 Ra 11 h 21 2 Bi 21 2 Po 20 8 Tl 61 m (64%) 3.1 m 61 m (36%) 3.1 × 10 −7 s 20 8 Pb DK594X_book.fm Page 27 Tuesday, June 6, 20 06 ... m 23 8 U 23 4 Pa 23 4 U 2. 4 × 10 5 y 3.8 d 1.6 × 10 3 y 7.7 × 10 4 y 22 2 Rn 22 6 Ra 21 8 Po 23 0  21 4 Pb 3 m 21 4 Bi 21 4 Po 21 0 Pb 20 m 6.4 × 10 −5 s 2...

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... exposure and potential effects. The difficulty arises in trying to measure them, either in the field or in a laboratory setting, and then interpret them with regard to an organism’s radiosen- sitivity. ... AM © 20 07 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 216 Radionuclide Concentrations in Food and the Environment As part of the EPIC project (Environmental Protectio...

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... Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Nanotechnology and the Environment 6 019 8.indb 1 6 /12 /08 1: 31: 28 PM © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 4 Nanotechnology and the Environment Health (BAuA), Federal ... exposure and worked in the area of regulatory compliance for worker and commu- nity right-to-know legislation. 6 019 8.indb 11 6 /12 /08 1: 31: 30 PM © 2009...

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... Applications 23 2. 4.1 Titanium Dioxide 25 2. 4 .2 Zero -Valent I ron 25 2. 4.3 Silver 26 2. 4.4 Carbon Black 27 2. 4.5 Carbon Nanotubes 28 2. 4.6 Fullerenes 29 2. 5 Summary 30 References 31 © 20 09 by Taylor ... nanomateri- alstoillustratevariousaspectsofnanotechnology.Unlessotherwisenoted,product informationinthischapteroriginatedfromtheNanotechnologyConsumerProducts Invento...

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... worker exposure. The environmental question that then arises is the capture and reuse of © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 46 Nanotechnology and the Environment FIGURE 3. 5 Example of template-directed ... 33 3. 1.1 Manufacturing: Form and Function 33 3. 1.2 Looking Forward…Looking Back 34 3. 2 A Brief Pr imer on Ma nufactu ri ng Processes 35 3. 3 Ramications...

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... CAA§112(f)(2) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(f)(2). 41 . 42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(r)(1). 42 . CAA § 112(r)(2)(A), 42 U.S.C. § 741 2(r)(2(A). 43 . CAA§112(r)(3 )-( 5) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(r)(3 )-( 5). 44 . CWA§101(a),33U.S.C.§1251(a). 45 . CWA§301(a),33U.S.C.§1311(a). 46 . ... http://www.epa.gov/air/particles/ pdfs/whitepaper20051220.pdf. 35 . 42 U.S.C.,§ 741 2. 36. CAA,§112(b)(2) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(b)(2)...

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... (SPM) Scanningprobemicroscopy(SPM),arelativelynewertool,providesatruethree- dimensionalsurfaceimage.SPMincludesavarietyofdifferenttechniques,includ - ingatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM)andscanningtunnelingmicroscopy(STM), whichhaveprovenusefulforimagingandmeasuringmaterialsatthenanoscale. SPMtechniquesarebasedonamechanicalsurveyofthesurfaceofanobjectorpar - ti cle.Averynetipmountedonacanti...

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... a () e " © « ª ¹ » º  © « ª ¹ » º 4 1 45 1 6 0 3 0 9 0 3 U ¬¬ ®   ¼ ¾ ½ ½ (6. 27) where n isthenumberofbindingsitesuponthenanoparticle.Examplesofthedif- ferentialrelationsareprovidedinFigure6.6forC60fullerene-fullerene[A]andC60 fullerene ... [31]. 6. 5 CONCLUSIONS Laboratoryandeldstudiestodateshowhownanomaterialsinteractwitheachother andwithotherenvironmentalconstituentstoaffectt...

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... because the toxicity of nanomaterials and theirfateandtransportintheenvironmentwerenotwellunderstoodatthetime, theBritishRoyalSocietyandtheRoyalAcademyofEngineeringrecommended that “factories and ... nano-C60, the water-stable aggregate that forms when fullerenes (C60) come in contact with water. Their r esearch shows that the pH ofthewateraffectstheparticlesizeofthenano-C60,andthei...

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... curve, whichistypicallyanS-shapedfunction.Plottedonagraph,withthedoseonthex- axisandthepercentoforganismsaffectedonthey-axis,thecauseoftheinections intheS-shapedcurveareduetothepresenceofsensitiveindividualsinthelowdose ranges and tolerant individuals in the ... the greatest risk to the lung because they can be transportedlikeagasandreachthedeepestportionofthelungs,thealveoli .The l...

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... 195 9. 1.3 Critical Variables 195 9. 2 Exposure and Effects through Ingestion 196 9. 2.1 Diffusion 196 9. 2.2 Endocytosis 199 9. 3 Exposure and Effects through Dermal Absorption 200 9. 4 Exposure and ... reported dose-dependent lesions, primarily inter- stitial granulomas, in both the 7- and 90 -day groups. The lesions were more promi- nentinthe90-dayanimals.Micealsowere...

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... State University.ThisBNPcontains99.9wt%ironand0.1wt%palladiumandpoly - mersupport.Thepolymerisnottoxic;theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationhas approvedtheuseofthepolymerasafoodadditive.Thepolymerlimitstheability ofthenZVIparticlestoagglomerateandadheretosoils.Casestudiespresented © ... charac - te risticsofthereagent,butalsoontheowofgroundwaterthroughtheaquifer ,the groundwater geochemi...

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... hazard and exposure data, and lack of standard toolstocombineLCAandRA(Step4). 11. 2.2 NANO RISK FRAMEWORK Environmental Defense, a U.S based non-prot environmental advocacy group, and the multi-national ... LLC Balancing the Risks and Rewards 257 11. 3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Developmentofalternativematerialsandnewcatalystsbasedonnanotechnology offers many potential benets t...

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... inhomogeneities is of primary important (see Chapter 5). We © 2005 by CRC Press 214 Radio Propagation and Remote Sensing of the Environment and the function (see Equations (4 .78 ) and (4 .79 )): (7. 11) It ... 6 s cog l klL       = 5 3 22 1 07. , µ TF 171 0_book.fm Page 219 Thursday, September 30, 2004 1:43 PM © 2005 by CRC Press 220 Radio Propaga...

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