Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 6 pdf

... 3. 1 Cosmic Rays 37 3. 2 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 38 3. 3 Terrestrial Radiation 38 3. 3.1 Terrestrial Radiation: Radon and Decay Products in the Air and Other Radionuclides That Can Be Inhaled 38 3. 3.2 ... of 131 I in the vicinity of the point of release. Predicted situation 24 hours from the beginning of the release. The point of the release is the site o...

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... Rainwater 83 4. 4.1 Introduction 83 4. 4.2 The Presence of Radioactivity in Rainwater: Sources and Pathways 84 4 .4. 2.1 Natural Radioactivity 84 4 .4. 2.2 Man-Made Radioactivity 84 4 .4. 3 Levels and Distribution ... 60 4. 3 Radionuclides in the Sea and Ocean 68 4. 3.1 System Overview 68 4. 3.2 Sources and Sinks of Natural Radionuclides in the Ocean 70 4. 3.3 TE...

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... 68 00 l/kg in freshwater systems and 550 l/kg in the marine environment. These differences are explained by the salinity and, more precisely, by the stable isotope/analog content. Other radio- elements ... iodine and insignificant for noble gases [14]. 6. 3 TRANSFER IN TERRESTRIAL FOOD CHAINS Airborne radionuclides are transported downwind and dispersed by the mixing pr...

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... Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Nanotechnology and the Environment 6 019 8.indb 1 6 /12 /08 1: 31: 28 PM © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 4 Nanotechnology and the Environment Health (BAuA), Federal ... exposure and worked in the area of regulatory compliance for worker and commu- nity right-to-know legislation. 6 019 8.indb 11 6 /12 /08 1: 31: 30 PM © 2009...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... Applications 23 2. 4.1 Titanium Dioxide 25 2. 4 .2 Zero -Valent I ron 25 2. 4.3 Silver 26 2. 4.4 Carbon Black 27 2. 4.5 Carbon Nanotubes 28 2. 4.6 Fullerenes 29 2. 5 Summary 30 References 31 © 20 09 by Taylor ... nanomateri- alstoillustratevariousaspectsofnanotechnology.Unlessotherwisenoted,product informationinthischapteroriginatedfromtheNanotechnologyConsumerProducts Invento...

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... worker exposure. The environmental question that then arises is the capture and reuse of © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 46 Nanotechnology and the Environment FIGURE 3. 5 Example of template-directed ... 33 3. 1.1 Manufacturing: Form and Function 33 3. 1.2 Looking Forward…Looking Back 34 3. 2 A Brief Pr imer on Ma nufactu ri ng Processes 35 3. 3 Ramications...

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... CAA§112(f)(2) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(f)(2). 41 . 42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(r)(1). 42 . CAA § 112(r)(2)(A), 42 U.S.C. § 741 2(r)(2(A). 43 . CAA§112(r)(3 )-( 5) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(r)(3 )-( 5). 44 . CWA§101(a),33U.S.C.§1251(a). 45 . CWA§301(a),33U.S.C.§1311(a). 46 . ... http://www.epa.gov/air/particles/ pdfs/whitepaper20051220.pdf. 35 . 42 U.S.C.,§ 741 2. 36. CAA,§112(b)(2) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(b)(2)...

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... (SPM) Scanningprobemicroscopy(SPM),arelativelynewertool,providesatruethree- dimensionalsurfaceimage.SPMincludesavarietyofdifferenttechniques,includ - ingatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM)andscanningtunnelingmicroscopy(STM), whichhaveprovenusefulforimagingandmeasuringmaterialsatthenanoscale. SPMtechniquesarebasedonamechanicalsurveyofthesurfaceofanobjectorpar - ti cle.Averynetipmountedonacanti...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... a () e " © « ª ¹ » º  © « ª ¹ » º 4 1 45 1 6 0 3 0 9 0 3 U ¬¬ ®   ¼ ¾ ½ ½ (6. 27) where n isthenumberofbindingsitesuponthenanoparticle.Examplesofthedif- ferentialrelationsareprovidedinFigure6.6forC60fullerene-fullerene[A]andC60 fullerene ... [31]. 6. 5 CONCLUSIONS Laboratoryandeldstudiestodateshowhownanomaterialsinteractwitheachother andwithotherenvironmentalconstituentstoaffectt...

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... because the toxicity of nanomaterials and theirfateandtransportintheenvironmentwerenotwellunderstoodatthetime, theBritishRoyalSocietyandtheRoyalAcademyofEngineeringrecommended that “factories and ... nano-C60, the water-stable aggregate that forms when fullerenes (C60) come in contact with water. Their r esearch shows that the pH ofthewateraffectstheparticlesizeofthenano-C60,andthei...

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... curve, whichistypicallyanS-shapedfunction.Plottedonagraph,withthedoseonthex- axisandthepercentoforganismsaffectedonthey-axis,thecauseoftheinections intheS-shapedcurveareduetothepresenceofsensitiveindividualsinthelowdose ranges and tolerant individuals in the ... the greatest risk to the lung because they can be transportedlikeagasandreachthedeepestportionofthelungs,thealveoli .The l...

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... 195 9. 1.3 Critical Variables 195 9. 2 Exposure and Effects through Ingestion 196 9. 2.1 Diffusion 196 9. 2.2 Endocytosis 199 9. 3 Exposure and Effects through Dermal Absorption 200 9. 4 Exposure and ... reported dose-dependent lesions, primarily inter- stitial granulomas, in both the 7- and 90 -day groups. The lesions were more promi- nentinthe90-dayanimals.Micealsowere...

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... State University.ThisBNPcontains99.9wt%ironand0.1wt%palladiumandpoly - mersupport.Thepolymerisnottoxic;theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationhas approvedtheuseofthepolymerasafoodadditive.Thepolymerlimitstheability ofthenZVIparticlestoagglomerateandadheretosoils.Casestudiespresented © ... charac - te risticsofthereagent,butalsoontheowofgroundwaterthroughtheaquifer ,the groundwater geochemi...

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... hazard and exposure data, and lack of standard toolstocombineLCAandRA(Step4). 11. 2.2 NANO RISK FRAMEWORK Environmental Defense, a U.S based non-prot environmental advocacy group, and the multi-national ... LLC Balancing the Risks and Rewards 257 11. 3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Developmentofalternativematerialsandnewcatalystsbasedonnanotechnology offers many potential benets t...

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... may vary depending on the sample type and the purpose of the analysis. In the United This chapter was not prepared on behalf of the California Department of Food and Agriculture and therefore does ... used around the world: PAM-I (Luke and Storres methods); European standards I, II, and III [14,15]; those of Sweden [ 16] , the Netherlands [17], United Kingdom [18...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21