Nanotechnology and the Environment - Chapter 3 potx

... 3. 1 Cosmic Rays 37 3. 2 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 38 3. 3 Terrestrial Radiation 38 3. 3.1 Terrestrial Radiation: Radon and Decay Products in the Air and Other Radionuclides That Can Be Inhaled 38 3. 3.2 ... of 131 I in the vicinity of the point of release. Predicted situation 24 hours from the beginning of the release. The point of the release is the site o...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Nanotechnology and the Environment 6 019 8.indb 1 6 /12 /08 1: 31: 28 PM © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 4 Nanotechnology and the Environment Health (BAuA), Federal ... exposure and worked in the area of regulatory compliance for worker and commu- nity right-to-know legislation. 6 019 8.indb 11 6 /12 /08 1: 31: 30 PM © 2009...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... Applications 23 2. 4.1 Titanium Dioxide 25 2. 4 .2 Zero -Valent I ron 25 2. 4.3 Silver 26 2. 4.4 Carbon Black 27 2. 4.5 Carbon Nanotubes 28 2. 4.6 Fullerenes 29 2. 5 Summary 30 References 31 © 20 09 by Taylor ... nanomateri- alstoillustratevariousaspectsofnanotechnology.Unlessotherwisenoted,product informationinthischapteroriginatedfromtheNanotechnologyConsumerProducts Invento...

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... worker exposure. The environmental question that then arises is the capture and reuse of © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 46 Nanotechnology and the Environment FIGURE 3. 5 Example of template-directed ... 33 3. 1.1 Manufacturing: Form and Function 33 3. 1.2 Looking Forward…Looking Back 34 3. 2 A Brief Pr imer on Ma nufactu ri ng Processes 35 3. 3 Ramications...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... CAA§112(f)(2) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(f)(2). 41 . 42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(r)(1). 42 . CAA § 112(r)(2)(A), 42 U.S.C. § 741 2(r)(2(A). 43 . CAA§112(r)(3 )-( 5) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(r)(3 )-( 5). 44 . CWA§101(a),33U.S.C.§1251(a). 45 . CWA§301(a),33U.S.C.§1311(a). 46 . ... http://www.epa.gov/air/particles/ pdfs/whitepaper20051220.pdf. 35 . 42 U.S.C.,§ 741 2. 36. CAA,§112(b)(2) ,42 U.S.C.§ 741 2(b)(2)...

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... (SPM) Scanningprobemicroscopy(SPM),arelativelynewertool,providesatruethree- dimensionalsurfaceimage.SPMincludesavarietyofdifferenttechniques,includ - ingatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM)andscanningtunnelingmicroscopy(STM), whichhaveprovenusefulforimagingandmeasuringmaterialsatthenanoscale. SPMtechniquesarebasedonamechanicalsurveyofthesurfaceofanobjectorpar - ti cle.Averynetipmountedonacanti...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... a () e " © « ª ¹ » º  © « ª ¹ » º 4 1 45 1 6 0 3 0 9 0 3 U ¬¬ ®   ¼ ¾ ½ ½ (6. 27) where n isthenumberofbindingsitesuponthenanoparticle.Examplesofthedif- ferentialrelationsareprovidedinFigure6.6forC60fullerene-fullerene[A]andC60 fullerene ... [31]. 6. 5 CONCLUSIONS Laboratoryandeldstudiestodateshowhownanomaterialsinteractwitheachother andwithotherenvironmentalconstituentstoaffectt...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... because the toxicity of nanomaterials and theirfateandtransportintheenvironmentwerenotwellunderstoodatthetime, theBritishRoyalSocietyandtheRoyalAcademyofEngineeringrecommended that “factories and ... nano-C60, the water-stable aggregate that forms when fullerenes (C60) come in contact with water. Their r esearch shows that the pH ofthewateraffectstheparticlesizeofthenano-C60,andthei...

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... curve, whichistypicallyanS-shapedfunction.Plottedonagraph,withthedoseonthex- axisandthepercentoforganismsaffectedonthey-axis,thecauseoftheinections intheS-shapedcurveareduetothepresenceofsensitiveindividualsinthelowdose ranges and tolerant individuals in the ... the greatest risk to the lung because they can be transportedlikeagasandreachthedeepestportionofthelungs,thealveoli .The l...

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... 195 9. 1.3 Critical Variables 195 9. 2 Exposure and Effects through Ingestion 196 9. 2.1 Diffusion 196 9. 2.2 Endocytosis 199 9. 3 Exposure and Effects through Dermal Absorption 200 9. 4 Exposure and ... reported dose-dependent lesions, primarily inter- stitial granulomas, in both the 7- and 90 -day groups. The lesions were more promi- nentinthe90-dayanimals.Micealsowere...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... State University.ThisBNPcontains99.9wt%ironand0.1wt%palladiumandpoly - mersupport.Thepolymerisnottoxic;theU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationhas approvedtheuseofthepolymerasafoodadditive.Thepolymerlimitstheability ofthenZVIparticlestoagglomerateandadheretosoils.Casestudiespresented © ... charac - te risticsofthereagent,butalsoontheowofgroundwaterthroughtheaquifer ,the groundwater geochemi...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... hazard and exposure data, and lack of standard toolstocombineLCAandRA(Step4). 11. 2.2 NANO RISK FRAMEWORK Environmental Defense, a U.S based non-prot environmental advocacy group, and the multi-national ... LLC Balancing the Risks and Rewards 257 11. 3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Developmentofalternativematerialsandnewcatalystsbasedonnanotechnology offers many potential benets t...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... 9 .3 10.7 15.7 16 .3 20.9 23. 1 29.6 32 .4 32 .2 35 .2 Fruit 14 .3 15 .3 19 .3 16 .3 13. 1 10.9 12 .3 12.0 12.1 12.9 13. 5 13. 9 14.4 Total 22.2 23. 3 29 .3 26.7 25 .3 27.8 29.4 35 .0 36 .6 44.6 47.4 46.8 50.6 34 . ... 35 0.6 32 3.5 35 0.7 32 4.9 36 5.7 36 6.4 Insecticides Corn 15.7 23. 6 25.5 32 .0 30 .1 23. 2 23. 0 20.9 18.5 17 .3 15.0 16.1 17.5 Cotton 78.0 64.9 73....

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... may vary depending on the sample type and the purpose of the analysis. In the United This chapter was not prepared on behalf of the California Department of Food and Agriculture and therefore does ... used around the world: PAM-I (Luke and Storres methods); European standards I, II, and III [14,15]; those of Sweden [ 16] , the Netherlands [17], United Kingdom [18...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... from the layer: (3. 36a) •For the amplitudes of the directed and reflected waves inside the layer: (3. 36b) •For the coefficient of transmission: (3. 36c) Here, (3. 37) is the reflection coefficient of the ... ω () = 2 0 FFd 2 21 2 1 1 2 = − () ∫ ωω ωω ω ω TF1710_book.fm Page 66 Thursday, September 30 , 2004 1: 43 PM © 2005 by CRC Press 58 Radio Propagation and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 21:21