... then, to practice scientically and ethically. e problem is thatmany, if not most, doctors and clinicians, though trained in biology and anatomy, fear num-bers; mathematics is foreign to them, ... chanceerror, still we need to then show that X causes Y. Not just that Prozac is associated with lessdepression, but that Prozac causes less depression. How can we do this? A p -value will notdo it ... whom the antidepressant wasstopped. In other words, at face value, the study seems to show that long-term continuationof antidepressants in bipolar disorder appears to lead to better outcomes....