discovering knowledge in data an introduction to data mining

... adds Frank. “This means 2 · 2 · 2 = 8 ways to rearrange people without changing the pairing. So in fact, there are 6 · 8 = 48 ways to sit that all mean the same pairing. The 720 seatings come in ... answer to the next node, which 1.3 The Number of Subsets 11 contains the third (and in this case last) question you have to answer to determine the subset: Is c an element of S?...

Ngày tải lên: 01/06/2014, 01:16

... hand and, for each such choice, there are three ways to choose a ring for the right hand. Hence, there are 4 ·3 = 12 ways to choose a ring for each hand. This is an instance of a general principle: Suppose ... green beans, stuffing, mashed potatoes }, and { green beans, mashed potatoes, stuffing } as distinct dinners. Thus, the restaurant has counted dinners that differ only with respect to...

Ngày tải lên: 16/01/2014, 16:33

... data- bases require the use of SQL to add data to tables and read, modify, and delete data. • You can’t just modify sets of data and expect the database to elegantly save the changes under any ... it comes to transaction management. You simply cannot find a framework or container that comes close to what Spring offers. Working with database transactions in Spring is flexib...

Ngày tải lên: 05/10/2013, 04:20

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 12:15

... samples, an orthogonal transform converts them to N transform coefficients, of which the first is large and dominant (it contains much of the information of the original data) and the remaining ones ... find the source of redundancy in each type of data. Once we understand what causes redundancy in a given type of data, we can propose an approach to eliminating the redundancy. This...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:15

... The node contains something else. This means that another hashing of a pointer and an ASCII code has resulted in 299, and node 299 already contains information from another string. This is called ... discussion in [Bookstein and Klein 93], where the authors argue in favor of Huffman coding. Self-Assessment Questions 1. In a programming language of your choice, implement Huffman encodi...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:15

... holds strings previously found in the input, thereby allowing for additions and deletions of strings as new input is being read. If the data features many repetitions, then many input strings will ... Coding The output of arithmetic coding is interpreted as a number in the range [0, 1). (The notation [a, b) means the range of real numbers from a to b, including a but not including b....

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:15

... eye is sensitive to small changes in luminance but not in chrominance, so the chrominance part can later lose much data, and thus be highly compressed, without visually impairing the overall image quality ... is integrated using this function as a weighting function, the result is CIE luminance, which is denoted by Y. Luminance is an important quantity in the fields of digital image...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:15

... WSQ. subbands. The SWT is then applied in the same manner to three of the 16 subbands, decomposing each into 16 smaller subbands. The last step is to decompose the top-left subband into four smaller ... encoding algorithm. Step 0 :Theranking index (an integer counting the position of S in the ranked list) is set to 0. Step 1 : An LZ77-type dictionary is used, with a search buffer...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:15

... become an n-dimensional point and rotating it in n dimensions such that the first coordinate becomes dominant. The DCT and its inverse, the IDCT, are used in JPEG (Section 5.6) to compress an image ... revised in 1996 to conform to Knuth’s changes to the Greek delta and arrow characters. In 1997, the type-1 CM fonts became public domain. Life shrinks or expands in proport...

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:15