... input hardware on PORTB and the output display hardware on PORTA ofthe controller, there are power (pins 10, 30, and 32) and ground (pins 11 and 31) connections. Astandard 5-VDC power supply ... GND, AVCC, and AREF), an external time base (XTAL1 and XTAL2) input pins todrive its clocks, processor reset (active low RESET), and four 8-bit ports (PA0-PA7, PC0-PC7,PB0-PB7, and PD0-PD7), ... by the CPU and also for the I/O and peripheral subsystemsaboard the microcontroller. A complete ATmega16 register listing and accompanying header fileis provided in Appendices A and B, respectively....