color atlas of clinical orthopedics - m szendroi, f sim (springer, 2009)

Color Atlas of Pharmacology (Part 14): Drugs used in Hyperlipoproteinemias

... therapyA. Mechanism of edema fluid mobilization by diureticsEdemaHemoconcentrationCollapse,danger of thrombosisSalt andfluid retentionMobilization of edema fluidProtein moleculesColloidosmoticpressureDiureticEFV:Na+, ... doses of acetyl-salicylic acid.Clofibrate and derivatives (bezafi-brate, etofibrate, gemfibrozil) lower plas-ma lipids by an unknown mechanism.They may damage the liver and skeletalmuscle (myalgia, ... (anuria). By means of diuretics an attempt is made to main-tain urinary flow. Use of either osmoticor loop diuretics is indicated.Massive use of diuretics entails ahazard of adverse effects (A):...

Color Atlas of Pharmacology (Part 17): Drugs Acting on Motor Systems

... effective treatment, but does notprovide benefit beyond 3–5 y and is fol-lowed by gradual loss of symptom con-trol, on-off fluctuations, and develop-ment of orobuccofacial and limb dyski-nesias. ... agonists stimulate dopa-mine receptors (D2, D3, and D1sub-types), have lower clinical efficacy thanlevodopa, and share its main adverse ef-fects.Inhibitors of monoamine oxi-dase-B (MAOB). ... is mandatory to ad-minister the lowest dose affording safeand effective prophylaxis. Concurrenthigh-dose administration of folate mayprevent neural tube developmental de-fects.Carbamazepine,...

Color Atlas of Pharmacology (Part 18): Drugs for the Suppression of Pain

... viaunmyelinated (C-fibers, conduction ve-locity 0.2–2.0 m/ s) and myelinated ax-ons (A!-fibers, 5–30 m/ s). The free end-ings of A! fibers respond to intensepressure or heat, those of C-fibers re-spond ... theduration of the effect depends on therate of enzyme resynthesis. Further-more, salicylate may contribute to theeffect. ASA irritates the gastric mucosa(direct acid effect and inhibition of cy-toprotective ... chemical stimuli (H+, K+, hista-mine, bradykinin, etc.) arising from tis-sue trauma. Irrespective of whetherchemical, mechanical, or thermal stim-uli are involved, they become signifi-cantly...

Color Atlas of Pharmacology (Part 19): Local Anesthetics

... (B).Effects of opioids (B). The analge-sic effect results from actions at the lev-el of the spinal cord (inhibition of noci-ceptive impulse transmission) and thebrain (attenuation of impulse ... plas-ma level with the attending risk of un-wanted toxic effects and tolerance de-velopment. Preferred alternatives in-clude the use of controlled-releasepreparations of morphine, a fentanyladhesive ... endothelium of capillaries intothe blood.The concentration of local anes-thetic at the site of action is, therefore,determined by the speed of penetrationinto the endoneurium and the speed of diffusion...

Color Atlas of Pharmacology (Part 20): General Anesthetic Drugs

... lipophilicdomains of membrane proteins is alsoconceivable. Anesthetic potency can beexpressed in terms of the minimal al-veolar concentration (MAC) at which50% of patients remain immobile fol-lowing ... cate-cholamines as antihypotensives or toco-lytics). This effect is much less pro-nounced with enflurane and isoflurane.Unlike halothane, enflurane and isoflu-rane have a muscle-relaxant effect ... benzodiazepine (e.g., midazolam).The CNS effects of ketamine arise, inpart, from an interference with excita-tory glutamatergic transmission via li-gand-gated cation channels of theNMDA subtype,...

Color Atlas of Pharmacology (Part 21): Psychopharmacologicals

... resemblance to 5-HT (p. 116),and chemically synthesized ampheta-mine-derived hallucinogens (4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine; 3,4-di-methoxyamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethyl amphetamine) ... to commit suicide. In-toxication is followed by a phase of in-tense fatigue, feelings of shame, and hu-miliating emptiness.The mechanism of the psychoto-genic effect remains unclear. Some ... metabolitesInactiveOxazepamNordazepamTriazolamBrotizolamOxazepamLormetazepamBromazepamFlunitrazepamLorazepamCamazepamNitrazepamClonazepamDiazepamTemazepamPrazepamApplied drug Active metabolitePlasma...

Color Atlas of Pharmacology (Part 22): Hormones

... hypoglycemic effectcan result from drug interactions: dis-placement of antidiabetic drug fromplasma protein-binding sites by sulfon-amides or acetylsalicylic acid.Metformin, a biguanide deriva-tive, ... of HMGand HCG. HMG or human menopausalgonadotropin is obtained from the urine of postmenopausal women and is richin FSH activity. HCG, human chorionicgonadotropin, from the urine of preg-nant ... phas-es (exudation, proliferation, scar forma-tion) of the inflammatory reaction, i.e.,the organism’s defensive measuresagainst foreign or noxious matter. Thiseffect is mediated by multiple...

Color Atlas of Pharmacology (Part 23): Antibacterial Drugs

... surfaces, maycause infections of mucous membranes,less frequently of the skin or internal or-gans when natural defenses are im-paired (immunosuppression, or damage of microflora by broad-spectrum ... animal plasma mem-branes. Fungi exposed to imidazole de-rivatives stop growing (fungistatic ef-fect) or die (fungicidal effect). The spec-trum of affected fungi is very broad. Be-cause they ... required for cellgrowth and replication. Lack of THFleads to inhibition of cell proliferation.Formation of THF from dihydrofolate(DHF) is catalyzed by the enzyme dihy-drofolate reductase. DHF is...

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