... 19thepopulation.Thenumberofwomensherepresentsinthepopulationiscalledher‘‘samplingweight.’’Samplingweightsmayvaryconsiderablyfromthisaveragevaluedependingontherespondent’srace,theresponserateforsimilarwomen,andotherfactors.Aswithanysamplesurvey,theestimatesinthisreportaresubjecttosamplingvariability.SignificancetestsonNSFGdatashouldbedonetakingthesamplingdesignintoaccount.Nonsamplingerrorswereminimizedbystringentquality-controlproceduresthatincludedthoroughinterviewertraining,checkingtheconsistencyofanswersduringandaftertheinterview,imputingmissingdata,andadjustingthesamplingweightsfornonresponseandundercoveragetomatchnationaltotals.Estimatesofsamplingerrorsandotherstatisticalaspectsofthesurveyaredescribedinmoredetailinanotherseparatereport(13).Thisreportshowsfindingsbycharacteristicsofthewomaninterviewed,includingherage,maritalstatus,education,parity,householdincomedividedbythepovertylevel,andraceandHispanicorigin.IthasbeenshownthatblackandHispanicwomenhavemarkedlylowerlevelsofincome,education ,and accesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance,thanwhitewomen(14).Theseandotherfactors,ratherthanraceororiginperse,probablyaccountfordifferencesinthebehaviorsandoutcomesstudiedinthisreportamongwhite,black,andHispanicwomen(15).TableBshowsafactorthatshouldbeconsideredininterpretingtrendsinpregnancy-relatedbehaviorintheUnitedStates:thechangingagecompositionofthereproductive-agepopulation .In 1982,therewere54.1millionwomenofreproductiveageintheUnitedStates ;in 1988,57.9million;andin1995,60.2million(16).Thelargebabyboomcohort,bornbetween194 6and1 964,was18–34yearsofagein1982,24–42yearsofagein1988 ,and3 1–49yearsofagein1995.Theselargebirthcohortswerepreceded(upto1945 )and followed(1965–80)bysmallercohorts.Whiletheoverallnumberofwomen15–44yearsofageroseby6million,or11percentbetween198 2and1 995 ,the numberofteenagewomendroppedbyabout6percent,thenumberofwomen20–24yearsofagedroppedby15percent,andthenumberofwomen25–29droppedby6percent(tableB) .In contrast,thenumberofwomen30–44yearsofageincreasedsharply—forexample,thenumberofwomen40–44yearsofageincreasedby59percentbetween198 2and1 995.Also,women30–44yearsofageaccountedfor54percentofwomen15–44yearsofage in1 995comparedwith44percentin1982.Thesedifferencesinagecompositionmayberelevantwhenevertimetrendsamongwomen15–44yearsofagearebeingdiscussed.Publicusefilesbasedonthe1995NSFGareavailableoncomputertape.TheywillalsobeavailableonCompactDiscRead-OnlyMemory(CD-ROM).QuestionsaboutthecostandavailabilityofthecomputertapesshouldbedirectedtotheNationalTechnicalInformationService(NTIS),5285PortRoyalRoad,Springfield,VA22161,703–487-4650,or1–800-553-NTIS.QuestionsregardingtheCD-ROMfilesshouldbedirectedtoNCHS’DataDisseminationBranchat301–436-8500.ResultsTables1–17containmeasuresofpregnancyandbirthintheUnitedStates.ChildrenEverBornandTotalBirthsExpected In1 995,women15–44yearsofageintheUnitedStateshadhadanaverageof1.2birthsperwoman(table1).Thiscompareswith1. 2in 198 8and1 . 3in1 982(17) .In1 995,women15–44yearsofageexpectedtofinishtheirchildbearingwithanaverageof2.2childrenperwoman(table1)comparedwith2. 2in1 988 and2 . 4in1 982(17).Theproportionwhoreportthattheyhaveneverbeenpregnantwasmarkedlyhigherforcollegegraduatesthanforthosewhodidnotcompletehighschool(table3).Thissamepatternbyeducationisalsoseenwhendataforlivebirthsareexamined(tables4–5):about49percentofwomen22–44yearsofagewhohadgraduatedfromcollegehadhadnolivebirthsasofthedateofinterviewcomparedwithjust8percentofwomen22–44yearsofagewithoutahighschooldiploma(table4).WithinraceandHispanicorigingroups,thepatternwasthesame:collegegraduateshadmarkedlyhigherpercentschildlessthanwomenwithlesseducation(table5).Table6showsacomparisonbetweenlivebirthsreportedintheNSFGandlivebirthsregisteredonbirthcertificatesintheyears1991–94 .In eachindividualcalendaryearandforthesumoftheyears1991–94 ,the NSFGestimateofthenumberofbirthsisveryclosetothebirthcertificatetotalanddiffersfromitbylessthantheNSFG’ssamplingerror.TheNSFGestimateisalsoverycloseforwhitewomen.TheNSFGestimateforblackwomenisslightlylower,andtheestimateforotherracessomewhathigherthanthebirthcertificatedata.Adiscussionofthisdifferenceisgiveninthedefinitionof‘‘RaceandHispanicorigin’’inthe‘‘DefinitionsofTerms.’’Overall,andbycharacteristicsotherthanrace,however,table6showsthatTableB.Numberofwomen,byage:UnitedStates,1982,1988 ,and1 995Age¬ ... 19nonvoluntaryintercourse.Onesetofquestionswasintheinterviewer-administeredportionofthesurveyandthesecondwasintheself-administeredportion(AudioCASI).Intheinterviewer-administeredseries,theywereaskedwhethertheirfirstintercoursewas‘‘voluntaryornotvoluntary.’’Forabout8percentofwomen15–44yearsofagewhohavehadintercourse,theirfirstintercoursewasnotvoluntary(table21).Forthosewhosefirstintercourseoccurredatage15oryounger,thatfirstintercoursewasnonvoluntaryfor16percentcompared with7 percentorlessforthosewhosefirstintercourseoccurredatage16orolder.Thepercentwhosefirstintercoursewasnonvoluntaryisnearly10percentamongwomenwhosefirstintercoursewasbefore1975comparedwithabout6percentamongwomenwhofirsthadintercourseinthe1990’s(table21).Intheself-administered(AudioCASI)portionoftheinterview,womenwereaskedarelatedbutdifferentquestion:whethertheyhadeverbeenforcedbyamantohavesexualintercourseagainsttheirwill.About20percentofwomenreportedthattheyhadbeenforcedbyamantohaveintercourseagainsttheirwillatsometimeintheirlives(table22).Thus,table21showsthatfor8percentofwomen,theirfirstintercoursewasnonvoluntary;table22showsthat20percenthadhadnonvoluntaryintercourseatsometime—notnecessarilyatfirstintercourse.Table22alsoshowsthat6percentofwomenreportedthattheywereforcedtohaveintercoursebeforetheywere1 5and another6percentbeforetheywere18.Afairlyhighpercentofformerlymarried(divorcedorseparated)women—about35percent—reportedthattheyhadbeenforcedtohaveintercourse.Thisfindingdeservesfurtherstudy.FirstSexualPartnerTherehasbeenmuchpublicdiscussionaboutthepartnersofsexuallyactiveteenagers.Table23profilestheageofmalepartnersatwomen’sfirstvoluntaryintercourse.Abouttwo-thirds(66percent)ofwomenwhohadtheirfirstvoluntaryintercoursebeforetheywere16hadfirstpartnerswhowereunder18yearsofage;21percenthadfirstpartners18–19yearsofage;7percenthadfirstpartners20–22yearsofage,2percenthadfirstpartners23–24yearsofage ,and4 percenthadfirstpartners25yearsofageorolder(table23).Only3percentofwomenhadtheirfirstintercoursewithamantheyjustmet.About3outof5women(61percent)were‘‘goingsteady’’or‘‘goingtogether’’withthemantheyhadintercoursewiththefirsttime,andabout 1in5 wereengagedormarriedtohim.About12percentofallwomenweremarriedwhentheyhadtheirfirstintercourse.Amongwomen40–44yearsofage(bornin1951–55),23percentweremarriedtotheirpartneratfirstintercoursewhileabout2percentofwomen15–19yearsofage(born1971–75)weremarriedtotheirfirstpartner.Womenwholivedwithbothoftheirparentsthroughouttheirchildhoodweremorelikelythanotherwomentohavebeenmarriedtotheirpartneratfirstintercourse(table24).FirstIntercourseRelativetoFirstMarriageAmongever-marriedwomen15–44yearsofage,82percenthadfirstintercoursebeforetheyweremarried.About69percentofthosefirstmarried in1 965–74hadtheirfirstintercoursebeforemarriagecomparedwith89percentofthosefirstmarriedinthe1990’s.Only2percentofthosefirstmarriedin1965–74hadtheirfirstintercourse5yearsormorebeforemarriagecomparedwith56percentofthosefirstmarriedinthe1990’s(table25).NumberofSexualPartnersAsmentionedpreviously,somequestionsonabortion,sexualpartners,andforcedsexualintercoursewereaskedinboththeinterviewer-administeredandtheself-administered(AudioCASI)portionsoftheinterview.Responsestosensitivequestionsappeartohavebeenaffectedbythecomputerself-administeredmodeofinterviewing.Tables26–31showdataonthenumberofsexualpartnersinthelast1year,5years,andlifetime,usingboththeinterviewer-administeredandself-administeredmethods.Presentingdatabasedonbothmodesofinterviewingallowstheexaminationofdifferencesinreportingduetothemodeofinterviewing(table26versus27,table28versus29,andtable30versus31);andtheselectionoffindingsmostappropriateforcomparisontoothersurveys.About3percentofunmarriedwomentoldtheinterviewerthattheyhadhadfourormoremalesexualpartnersinthelast12months(table26),comparedwith9percentreportingfourormorepartnersinAudioCASI(table27).AsimilardisparitywasfoundwhencomparingtheinterviewerresultswithAudioCASIresultsforthenumberofpartnerssinceJanuary1991(alittlelessthan5years,onaverage).Amongunmarriedwomen,14percenttoldtheinterviewertheyhadfourormoremalesexualpartnerssinceJanuary1991(table28)while18percentreportedinAudioCASIthattheyhadhadfourormorepartnersinthattime(table29).Thistopicdeservesmoredetailedstudy,butitappearsthatusingthemoreprivateinterviewtechniquegaveahigherandpresumablymorecompleteestimateofthenumberofpartnersamongunmarriedwomen(8,11).MarriageandCohabitationTables32–37show1995dataonformalmarriageandunmarriedcohabitation.About38percentofwomen15–44yearsofagehadneverbeenmarriedwheninterviewedin1995(table32).Thepercentnevermarriedwashigherineveryagegroupin1995thanitwasin1982(24).Abouthalfofwomen25–39yearsofagehavehadanunmarriedcohabitationwithamanatsometimeintheirlives;10to11percentofwomenintheirtwentiesarecurrentlycohabitingwithaman(table33).About30percentofwomen25–39yearsofagelivedwithaman(cohabited)beforetheirfirstmarriage(table34).Overone-half(57percent)ofSeries23,No.19[Page5all ... 19nonvoluntaryintercourse.Onesetofquestionswasintheinterviewer-administeredportionofthesurveyandthesecondwasintheself-administeredportion(AudioCASI).Intheinterviewer-administeredseries,theywereaskedwhethertheirfirstintercoursewas‘‘voluntaryornotvoluntary.’’Forabout8percentofwomen15–44yearsofagewhohavehadintercourse,theirfirstintercoursewasnotvoluntary(table21).Forthosewhosefirstintercourseoccurredatage15oryounger,thatfirstintercoursewasnonvoluntaryfor16percentcompared with7 percentorlessforthosewhosefirstintercourseoccurredatage16orolder.Thepercentwhosefirstintercoursewasnonvoluntaryisnearly10percentamongwomenwhosefirstintercoursewasbefore1975comparedwithabout6percentamongwomenwhofirsthadintercourseinthe1990’s(table21).Intheself-administered(AudioCASI)portionoftheinterview,womenwereaskedarelatedbutdifferentquestion:whethertheyhadeverbeenforcedbyamantohavesexualintercourseagainsttheirwill.About20percentofwomenreportedthattheyhadbeenforcedbyamantohaveintercourseagainsttheirwillatsometimeintheirlives(table22).Thus,table21showsthatfor8percentofwomen,theirfirstintercoursewasnonvoluntary;table22showsthat20percenthadhadnonvoluntaryintercourseatsometime—notnecessarilyatfirstintercourse.Table22alsoshowsthat6percentofwomenreportedthattheywereforcedtohaveintercoursebeforetheywere1 5and another6percentbeforetheywere18.Afairlyhighpercentofformerlymarried(divorcedorseparated)women—about35percent—reportedthattheyhadbeenforcedtohaveintercourse.Thisfindingdeservesfurtherstudy.FirstSexualPartnerTherehasbeenmuchpublicdiscussionaboutthepartnersofsexuallyactiveteenagers.Table23profilestheageofmalepartnersatwomen’sfirstvoluntaryintercourse.Abouttwo-thirds(66percent)ofwomenwhohadtheirfirstvoluntaryintercoursebeforetheywere16hadfirstpartnerswhowereunder18yearsofage;21percenthadfirstpartners18–19yearsofage;7percenthadfirstpartners20–22yearsofage,2percenthadfirstpartners23–24yearsofage ,and4 percenthadfirstpartners25yearsofageorolder(table23).Only3percentofwomenhadtheirfirstintercoursewithamantheyjustmet.About3outof5women(61percent)were‘‘goingsteady’’or‘‘goingtogether’’withthemantheyhadintercoursewiththefirsttime,andabout 1in5 wereengagedormarriedtohim.About12percentofallwomenweremarriedwhentheyhadtheirfirstintercourse.Amongwomen40–44yearsofage(bornin1951–55),23percentweremarriedtotheirpartneratfirstintercoursewhileabout2percentofwomen15–19yearsofage(born1971–75)weremarriedtotheirfirstpartner.Womenwholivedwithbothoftheirparentsthroughouttheirchildhoodweremorelikelythanotherwomentohavebeenmarriedtotheirpartneratfirstintercourse(table24).FirstIntercourseRelativetoFirstMarriageAmongever-marriedwomen15–44yearsofage,82percenthadfirstintercoursebeforetheyweremarried.About69percentofthosefirstmarried in1 965–74hadtheirfirstintercoursebeforemarriagecomparedwith89percentofthosefirstmarriedinthe1990’s.Only2percentofthosefirstmarriedin1965–74hadtheirfirstintercourse5yearsormorebeforemarriagecomparedwith56percentofthosefirstmarriedinthe1990’s(table25).NumberofSexualPartnersAsmentionedpreviously,somequestionsonabortion,sexualpartners,andforcedsexualintercoursewereaskedinboththeinterviewer-administeredandtheself-administered(AudioCASI)portionsoftheinterview.Responsestosensitivequestionsappeartohavebeenaffectedbythecomputerself-administeredmodeofinterviewing.Tables26–31showdataonthenumberofsexualpartnersinthelast1year,5years,andlifetime,usingboththeinterviewer-administeredandself-administeredmethods.Presentingdatabasedonbothmodesofinterviewingallowstheexaminationofdifferencesinreportingduetothemodeofinterviewing(table26versus27,table28versus29,andtable30versus31);andtheselectionoffindingsmostappropriateforcomparisontoothersurveys.About3percentofunmarriedwomentoldtheinterviewerthattheyhadhadfourormoremalesexualpartnersinthelast12months(table26),comparedwith9percentreportingfourormorepartnersinAudioCASI(table27).AsimilardisparitywasfoundwhencomparingtheinterviewerresultswithAudioCASIresultsforthenumberofpartnerssinceJanuary1991(alittlelessthan5years,onaverage).Amongunmarriedwomen,14percenttoldtheinterviewertheyhadfourormoremalesexualpartnerssinceJanuary1991(table28)while18percentreportedinAudioCASIthattheyhadhadfourormorepartnersinthattime(table29).Thistopicdeservesmoredetailedstudy,butitappearsthatusingthemoreprivateinterviewtechniquegaveahigherandpresumablymorecompleteestimateofthenumberofpartnersamongunmarriedwomen(8,11).MarriageandCohabitationTables32–37show1995dataonformalmarriageandunmarriedcohabitation.About38percentofwomen15–44yearsofagehadneverbeenmarriedwheninterviewedin1995(table32).Thepercentnevermarriedwashigherineveryagegroupin1995thanitwasin1982(24).Abouthalfofwomen25–39yearsofagehavehadanunmarriedcohabitationwithamanatsometimeintheirlives;10to11percentofwomenintheirtwentiesarecurrentlycohabitingwithaman(table33).About30percentofwomen25–39yearsofagelivedwithaman(cohabited)beforetheirfirstmarriage(table34).Overone-half(57percent)ofSeries23,No.19[Page5all...