... U(S,V,~), H I-l(S,p,~), F- b-(T, V, ~), and G G(T, p, ~) are called the thermodynamic potentials for the characteristic variables S and V; S and p; T and V; and T and p; respectively. An irreversible ... F and G into Eq. 3.17 yields Eqs. 3.23 and 3.24: d F = - S dT- p dV- T dSir,., (3.23) dG =- S dT + V dp- T dSi,. r. (3.24) For an irreversible process in an isothermal system at constant ... thermal coefficients Ce, ~ , hr.~, and hr, p for the variables T, p, and ~, and the thermal coefficients Cv, ~, 17.~, and Ur, p for the variables T, V, and ~" OV OV h T, p liT, v...