... between economic instruments and patterns of food consumption, that is, evidence of: • a causal effect of economic instruments on food purchasing and therefore presumably consumption of less ... review of economic instruments for reducing consumption of high energy foods, the United States Institute of Medicine (IOM) considered the adequacy of evidence pertaining to the use of taxing and ... research and gaining consensus on definitions and characteristics of foods, especially in terms of nutrient quality and quantity and energy density, to guide development of economic instruments...