... for controlling nonspecificresponses to siRNA. FEBS J 277, 4828–4836.18 Katze MG, Wambach M, Wong ML, Garfinkel M,Meurs E, Chong K, Williams BRG, HovanessianAG & Barber GN (1991) Functional ... by Walton et al.[16]. In addition, siRNA can also induce adverseeffects such as immune responses, as discussed bySamuel-Abraham & Leonard [17]. siRNA may induceinterferon responses either ... vivo) via degradion by ribonucleases,rapid renal excretion and nonspecific uptake by thereticuloendothelial system [21]. The phosphorothioatebackbone, or various 2¢ positions in the sugar moietyof...