... calcium-independentphospholipase A2participates in ER stress-inducedINS-1 insulinoma cell apoptosis by promoting cera-mide generation via hydrolysis of sphingomyelins byneutral sphingomyelinase. ... glucosylceramide synthase; SMS, sphingomyelin synthase; SMse, sphingomyelinase; SPT, serine palmitoyl transferase. Yellow repre-sents enzymes directly involved in ceramide metabolism, in which mutations are ... mutation in the gene encodingalpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease. Nat Genet 18,106–108.42 Singleton AB, Farrer M, Johnson J, Singleton A,Hague S, Kachergus J, Hulihan M, Peuralinna T,...