... signaling pathwaysby the pathogen. Upon infection, the phosphatases and kinases of several pathogenic bacteria modify hostproteins and help in the establishment of the disease. The uptake of M. ... betterunderstanding of these mechanisms and the host–path-ogen interaction will be essential not only to controlthis pandemic, but also to elucidate the novel features of macrophage defenses and host ... (e.g.microarrays and proteomics), in combination withmodern approaches, has facilitated a more rational and directional approach towards the understanding of these mechanisms. Therefore, it is clear that...