... result of direct physical force or of fear of implied violence[3,24]. Femicide, the murder of a woman, is a leading cause of death forwomen and 40% to 50% of these murders are perpetrated by ... obstetricsbecause of the theoretical risk of AFE [18,21,22]. The obstetric literaturecontains hundreds of cases where a cell-saver system was used safely [22],and an American College of Obstetrics ... is, women descended from indigenous peoples of North America, report a higher prevalence of IPV and in some communitiesit is estimated that 60% to 90% of women are battered and up to 57% sex-ually...