... LtdPREFACEThisbookisbaseduponMedicalPhysicsandPhysiologicalMeasurementwhichwewrotein1981.ThatbookhadgrowninturnoutofabookletwhichhadbeenusedintheSheffieldDepartmentofMedicalPhysicsandClinicalEngineeringforthetrainingofourtechnicalstaff.Theintentionbehindourwritinghadbeentogivepracticalinformationwhichwouldenablethereadertocarryoutaverywiderangeofphysiologicalmeasurementandtreatmenttechniqueswhichareoftengroupedundertheumbrellatitlesofmedicalphysics,clinicalengineeringandphysiologicalmeasurement.However,itwasmorefulfillingtotreatasubjectinalittledepthratherthanatapurelypracticallevelsoweincludedmuchofthebackgroundphysics,electronics,anatomyandphysiologyrelevanttothevariousprocedures.Ourhopewasthatthebookwouldserveasanintroductorytexttograduatesinphysicsandengineeringaswellasservingtheneedsofourtechnicalstaff.Whilstthisnewbookisbasedupontheearliertext,ithasamuchwiderintendedreadership.Wehavestillincludedmuchofthepracticalinformationfortechnicalstaffbut,inaddition,aconsiderablygreaterdepthofmaterialisincludedforgraduatestudentsofbothmedicalphysicsandbiomedicalengineering.AtSheffieldweofferthismaterialinbothphysicsandengineeringcoursesatBachelor’sandMaster’sdegreelevels.Atthepostgraduatelevelthetargetreaderisanewgraduateinphysicsorengineeringwhoisstartingpostgraduatestudiesintheapplicationofthesedisciplinestohealthcare.Thebookisintendedasabroadintroductorytextthatwillplacetheusesofphysicsandengineeringintheirmedical,socialandhistoricalcontext.Muchofthetextisdescriptive,sothatthesepartsshouldbeaccessibletomedicalstudentswithaninterestinthetechnologicalaspectsofmedicine.Theapplicationsofphysicsandengineeringinmedicinehavecontinuedtoexpandbothinnumberandcomplexitysince1981andwehavetriedtoincreaseourcoverageaccordingly.Theexpansioninintendedreadershipandsubjectcoveragegaveusaproblemintermsofthesizeofthebook.Asaresultwedecidedtoomitsomeoftheintroductorymaterialfromtheearlierbook.Wenolongerincludethebasicelectronics,andsomeoftheanatomyandphysiology,aswellasthebasicstatistics,havebeenremoved.Itseemedtousthattherearenowmanyothertextsavailabletostudentsintheseareas,sowehavesimplyincludedtherelevantreferences.Therangeoftopicswecoverisverywideandwecouldnothopetowritewithauthorityonallofthem.Wehavepickedbrainsasrequired,butwehavealsoexpandedthenumberofauthorstofive.RodandIverymuchthankRodHose,PatLawfordandDavidBarberwhohavejoinedusasco-authorsofthenewbook.Wehavereceivedhelpfrommanypeople,manyofwhomwereacknowledgedintheprefacetotheoriginalbook(seepagexxiii).NowaddedtothatlistareJohnConway,LisaWilliams,AdrianWilson,ChristineSegasby,JohnFennerandTonyTrowbridge.Tonydiedin1997,buthewasasourceofinspirationandwehaveusedsomeofhislecturematerialinChapter13.However,westartwitharecognitionoftheencouragement ... LtdPREFACEThisbookisbaseduponMedicalPhysicsandPhysiologicalMeasurementwhichwewrotein1981.ThatbookhadgrowninturnoutofabookletwhichhadbeenusedintheSheffieldDepartmentofMedicalPhysicsandClinicalEngineeringforthetrainingofourtechnicalstaff.Theintentionbehindourwritinghadbeentogivepracticalinformationwhichwouldenablethereadertocarryoutaverywiderangeofphysiologicalmeasurementandtreatmenttechniqueswhichareoftengroupedundertheumbrellatitlesofmedicalphysics,clinicalengineeringandphysiologicalmeasurement.However,itwasmorefulfillingtotreatasubjectinalittledepthratherthanatapurelypracticallevelsoweincludedmuchofthebackgroundphysics,electronics,anatomyandphysiologyrelevanttothevariousprocedures.Ourhopewasthatthebookwouldserveasanintroductorytexttograduatesinphysicsandengineeringaswellasservingtheneedsofourtechnicalstaff.Whilstthisnewbookisbasedupontheearliertext,ithasamuchwiderintendedreadership.Wehavestillincludedmuchofthepracticalinformationfortechnicalstaffbut,inaddition,aconsiderablygreaterdepthofmaterialisincludedforgraduatestudentsofbothmedicalphysicsandbiomedicalengineering.AtSheffieldweofferthismaterialinbothphysicsandengineeringcoursesatBachelor’sandMaster’sdegreelevels.Atthepostgraduatelevelthetargetreaderisanewgraduateinphysicsorengineeringwhoisstartingpostgraduatestudiesintheapplicationofthesedisciplinestohealthcare.Thebookisintendedasabroadintroductorytextthatwillplacetheusesofphysicsandengineeringintheirmedical,socialandhistoricalcontext.Muchofthetextisdescriptive,sothatthesepartsshouldbeaccessibletomedicalstudentswithaninterestinthetechnologicalaspectsofmedicine.Theapplicationsofphysicsandengineeringinmedicinehavecontinuedtoexpandbothinnumberandcomplexitysince1981andwehavetriedtoincreaseourcoverageaccordingly.Theexpansioninintendedreadershipandsubjectcoveragegaveusaproblemintermsofthesizeofthebook.Asaresultwedecidedtoomitsomeoftheintroductorymaterialfromtheearlierbook.Wenolongerincludethebasicelectronics,andsomeoftheanatomyandphysiology,aswellasthebasicstatistics,havebeenremoved.Itseemedtousthattherearenowmanyothertextsavailabletostudentsintheseareas,sowehavesimplyincludedtherelevantreferences.Therangeoftopicswecoverisverywideandwecouldnothopetowritewithauthorityonallofthem.Wehavepickedbrainsasrequired,butwehavealsoexpandedthenumberofauthorstofive.RodandIverymuchthankRodHose,PatLawfordandDavidBarberwhohavejoinedusasco-authorsofthenewbook.Wehavereceivedhelpfrommanypeople,manyofwhomwereacknowledgedintheprefacetotheoriginalbook(seepagexxiii).NowaddedtothatlistareJohnConway,LisaWilliams,AdrianWilson,ChristineSegasby,JohnFennerandTonyTrowbridge.Tonydiedin1997,buthewasasourceofinspirationandwehaveusedsomeofhislecturematerialinChapter13.However,westartwitharecognitionoftheencouragement ... SeriesMEDICAL PHYSICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERINGB H Brown, R H Smallwood, D C Barber,P V Lawford and D R HoseDepartment of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering,University of Sheffield and Central...