... is of the second order and involves the variances. Instead, the calculus on the variances is of the first order and does not involve biases. Surprisingly, calculus on the second-ordermoments of ... in the following chapters using a powerful mathematical toolbox, the theory of Dirichlet forms. The benefit consists of the possibility of performing error calculations in infinite dimensional models, ... comment: the benefit of randomizingphysical or natural quantities The foundersof theso-called classicalerror theory at the beginningof the1 9th century,i.e. Legendre, Laplace, and Gauss, were the...