... parsing and generating lies in the nature of the input. The text, as a string of words, traditionally establishes the starting point of parsing; whether the processing is top-down or bottom-up, ... non-chaining roles. Rules that apply between the root and the pivot are, by definition, chaining rules; further, any rule which can be attached below the pivot is, by definition, a non-chaining ... daughters, starting with the head daughter. 3. Link the pivot up to the current FS through semantic beads of just chaining rules (at each stage, before adding a new rule in the chain, checking with...